民国北京政府时期省区军政体制研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 15:16

本文选题：督军制 + 巡阅使制　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：北洋军阀政治研究在史学界已有丰硕成果。但该领域依然存在很大研究空间。本课题拟从省区军政制度的视角,探讨军阀政治运行的制度基础,进而探讨民国北京政府时期西方民主政治制度移植于中国后所发生制度蜕变的原因。督军制与巡阅使制度是中国军阀政治形态的生存基础,也是军阀实现其政治统治的最主要途径和工具。但是,在政治体制方面,军阀时期在省区一级三权分立政治结构始终存在。在中央一级,三权分立政治结构直到1924年北京政变之前也一直存在。因此,军阀政治从制度上而言,它是一种法外干政的变态政治体制。它自始至终都无法完全解决自身的合法性与正当性问题。也无法解决中央政府权威及国家层面政治整合的问题。这也是北洋军阀政治仅仅十多年便被国民党党政体制取代的根本原因所在。本文包括绪论、正文、结语三个部分。绪论部分对问题的提出,学术界已有研究现状,中外军人政治相关理论对本课题的指导和启发,研究计划和研究范围方法等进行介绍。正文五章分别初步探讨了民国北京政府军阀时期的督军制、巡阅使制,都统和护军使制的基本情况。在研究省区主要军制的同时对省区军政制度的常态与逸轨运行,督军巡阅使对中央政治的干预和影响机制进行研究初步探讨。具体言之,主要包括三个方面的内容。第一,本文围绕军政关系或军民分治问题,探讨了军阀时期省区(本课题“区”有两个含义。一是指民国北京政府时期的热河、察哈尔和绥远三特区,二是指民国军阀时期逐步形成的超省级的巡阅使区即准大军区。后文中具体指哪一种含义视语境而定,后文不再一一说明。)军政关系的制度规定及实际运行状态。本课题探讨研究了民国北京政府时期省区制度的基本史实。辛亥革命初期一度出现的军政合一的省区体制,袁世凯时代恢复重建省区“军民分治”制度的努力：法定省区制度为省级行政机构与军政机构独立设置,文武职官分轨运行。这种制度设置终北京政府时期没有改变。虽然各省行政长官或由军政长官兼任,或听命于本省军政长官,但是,行政公署并没有沦为军政机构的附庸,军政机构也没有将处理民政的行政公署取而代之。第二,本课题探讨研究了北洋军阀政治运行的制度基础即省区军政制度督军制及超省级巡阅使制。督军制与巡阅使制在所辖省域的共同军制制度基础是道与县域重要军事要地设置的镇守使及其镇守使制。督军制是普遍设立的经常制度,巡阅使是临时设置的非常机构。督军与巡阅使制度的运行都是以督军制为基础不断扩张法外权能而实现的。督军与巡阅使制度既是是中国军阀政治形态的基本方式,也是军阀实现其政治统治的最主要途径和工具。第三,热河、察哈尔、绥远三特区实施的则是军政合一的都统政治体制。都统体制也与巡阅使制和镇守使制互为犄角,共生共存。从省区军政制度对军阀政治整体影响来看,本课题通过对督军巡阅使横向干预省政,纵向干预国政过程的研究,得出如下基本结论：第一,民国北京政府时期的军阀政治是一种制度外干政的变态政治。军阀政治出现的远因是殖民地半殖民地中国国内社会矛盾和民族危机加剧的间接结果。北洋军事集团将领走向近代中国政治前台的直接原因是辛亥革命后日益尖锐复杂激烈的国内外社会矛盾。具体而言是中国两千年封建帝制推翻后各个政治实力派的国体与政体之争以及第一世界大战参战与战争善后事务的处理都使军事将领及其所辖军队的政治筹码作用凸显。第二,督军巡阅使对中央政治的干预有诸多途径与方法。军阀前期和后期也有所不同。军阀前期主要是以“督军团”集体联合干政形式为主。军阀后期以军事派系干政形式为主。期间也有督军巡阅使之间纵横捭阖的分化组合,但均以派系利益为依归。督军巡阅使干政具体途径之一就是操纵国会或立法机构。包括总统副总统选举等。干政方法之二,就是操纵政府内阁人事和内阁政策。最终,实力派军阀直接建立军政府,彻底废弃国会机构及民主政体。军阀时期军阀对司法的干预可分为制度性干预模式与非制度性干预行为。制度性干预模式体现在军事司法对普通司法的侵越和干预,将凡与军事活动相涉的普通公民犯罪行为置于特殊军法制裁之下。非制度性干预行为具体体现在军阀意志左右个别重大司法案例。第三,军阀时期,督军巡阅使对省区政治干预的基本途径和方法有几个。一是督军兼任省长,以督军身份军事立场管理省长事务,以军事侵越民政事务。二是督军巡阅使干预省议会事务,包括省议会议长人选或省议会议案,主要是控制该省区财政预算决算大权。三是督军巡阅使依靠军政权力优势通过对所辖区域重要人士任免权的干预,间接控制省区道县财政经济大权。第四,军阀时期,军政关系或文武关系中军队与军将对于文官系统及文官的优势地位和作用源自早于行政系统的军制改革及其制度化成果。民初“文武关系”逆转的原因之一就在于文武科举制度除后,军事科层制优先于文官制度建立发展的结果。军事科层制的优先发展更深层的原因则是自鸦片战争后尤其是甲午中日战争后,深重的民族危机迫使我国将军事近代化改革置于其他制度近代化改革之前。
[Abstract]:The political research of Northern Warlords has been fruitful in the history field. But there is still a lot of research space in this field. This subject is to discuss the institutional basis of the political operation of the warlords from the perspective of the provincial and regional military and political system, and then discuss the reasons for the transformation of the system of Western democratic political system in the period of the period of the Republic of China in the Republic of China in Beijing. The system is the basis for the survival of the political form of the Chinese warlords and the most important means and tool for the political rule of the warlords. However, in the political system, the three power separation political structure in the period of the warlords has always existed at the provincial level. At the central level, the structure of the separation of the three powers has been kept until the Beijing coup in 1924. Therefore, the warlords politics is a kind of abnormal political system outside the law. It can not completely solve the problem of its legitimacy and legitimacy from beginning to end. It can not solve the problem of the authority of the central government and the political integration at the national level. This is also the Kuomintang party politics only more than 10 years ago. The fundamental reason for the substitution of the system is.
This article includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction of the introduction to the question, the existing research status in the academic circle, the guidance and Inspiration of the Chinese and foreign military political theory to the subject, the research plan and the scope of the research.
The five chapter of the main body of the text has preliminarily discussed the supervision system of the warlords during the period of the Republic of Beijing in the Republic of China, the basic situation of the system of inspecting, the system of inspection, the system of both the capital and the army, the operation of the normal and escaping system of the provincial and regional military and political system at the same time in the study of the main military system in the province, and the study of the intervention and influence mechanism of the central politics by the inspector. It mainly includes three aspects.
First, this paper, focusing on the issue of military and political relations or the division of military and civilian, has discussed two meanings in the period of the warlords. One is the hot river in Beijing, Chahar and Suiyuan in the period of the Republic of China, and the two is the super provincial patrol area, which is a quasi great army area, which is gradually formed during the period of the warlords in the Republic of China. According to the context of justice, the latter no longer explains.) the institutional provisions and actual operating states of the military and political relations. This subject discussed and studied the basic historical facts of the provincial system in the period of the Republic of Beijing in the Republic of China. In the early period of the revolution of 1911 the provincial system of the unity of military and political unity, and the efforts of the Yuan Shikai era to reconstruct the system of "military and civilian division" in the provinces and regions The statutory provincial system has been set up independently by the provincial administrative and military and political institutions and the civilian and military officials are divided into track and operation. This system has not changed during the period of the final Beijing government. Although the chief executive of the provinces or the military and political officers, or the command of the military and political officers of the province, the administrative office has not been reduced to a vassal of military and political institutions, and the military and political institutions are also It was not replaced by the administrative office of civil affairs.
Second, the subject is to study the institutional basis of the political operation of the northern warlords, namely, the system of military and political supervision in the province and the system of ultra provincial inspection. The operation of the supervision and inspection of the system is realized by the continuous expansion of the power and power of the law based on the military system. The supervision and inspection system is the basic way of the political form of the Chinese warlords and the most important means and tools for the warlords to realize their political rule.
Third, the hot river, Chahar and Suiyuan three special areas are implemented by the unified political system of both military and political affairs.
In view of the overall influence of the military and political system on the political system of the warlords, this paper draws the following basic conclusions through the study of the horizontal intervention in the government and the process of the longitudinal intervention in the state.
First, the warlord politics during the period of the government of the Republic of China in the Republic of China is a kind of pervert politics outside the system. The distant cause of the political emergence of the Warlords is the indirect result of the domestic social contradictions in the colonies and semi colonies and the aggravation of the national crisis. The direct cause of the North Japanese military group's generals to the modern Chinese political front is the increasingly sharp after the 1911 Revolution. The complex and intense social contradictions both at home and abroad. In particular, the dispute between the state and the regime of the political power groups after the overthrow of the feudal monarchy in two thousand years in China, and the handling of the good post affairs of the war in the first World War and the good of the war made the military generals and their armed forces the political chips.
Second, there are many ways and means to intervene in the central politics by the inspector inspection. The earlier and later period of the warlords are also different. The early period of the Warlords was mainly based on the collective joint political form of "the Legion corps". One of the concrete ways of the government's administration is to manipulate the Congress or the legislature, including the election of the president vice president. The two of the ways of doing political affairs is to manipulate the government's cabinet personnel and cabinet policies. Finally, the military warlords directly establish the military government, completely discarding the national organization and the democratic regime. Warlords warlords to the judicature. The intervention can be divided into institutional intervention mode and non institutional intervention. The mode of institutional intervention is embodied in the invasion and intervention of military judicature to ordinary judicature, and the ordinary civil offense involved in military activities under special military law sanctions. The non institutional intervention is embodied in the particular importance of the wills of the warlords. Judicial case.
Third, during the warlords period, there were several basic ways and methods to make political intervention in the provinces and regions. First, the governor concurrently served as the governor of the province, managed the provincial governor with the military position of the inspector, and the military administration of the civil affairs. The two was to intervene in the Provincial Council Affairs, including the governor of the province or the provincial council, mainly to control the province. The financial budget of the district is the decisive power. Three is the supervision of the army by the supervision of military and political power to indirectly control Daoxian County's financial and economic power through the intervention of the power of military and political power through the appointment and removal of the important people in the region.
Fourth, in the period of warlords, the dominant position and role of military and military relations in military and political relations or civil and military relations came from the military system reform and its institutionalization results earlier than the administrative system. One of the reasons for the reversal of the "civil and military relations" in the early days of the Republic of China was the establishment of the military bureaucracy system and the establishment of the civil service system. The result of the development is that the deeper reason for the priority development of the military bureaucracy is that after the Opium War, especially after the Sino Japanese War of the Sino Japanese War, the deep national crisis forced the modern reform of the general affairs of our country to be placed before the modern reform of other systems.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258;D693.2

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