西方医学在近代中国（1840-1911）—医术、文化与制度的变迁

发布时间：2018-06-17 20:37

本文选题：传教士 + 西方医学　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：十九世纪，基督教各团体的海外传教热情再次高涨。因此，位于远东地区的中国也再次被纳入了基督教各差会的视野。此时的西方世界已经逐渐了解到在远东地区还有一片古老而广袤的土地，那里的人口位居世界第一，所以若能使这样一个国家皈依上帝的怀抱，那将是一件莫大的事功。正是怀抱着“神圣”的使命与期望，伴随着各自国家的商人、军人和冒险家的脚步，西方各国的传教士也先后接踵而至，来到了中国。但他们很快就发现，尽管同西方各国相比，中国仍处于前工业时代，但其悠久的历史却缔造了足以鄙视西方各国的优秀文化。此外，这些传教士们还很快地发现，中国人的性格过于保守，而且对于自己的文化传统还怀有根深蒂固的自豪感，这一点在那些几乎没有什么文化的阶层当中也能毫无例外地体现出来。因此，无论是天主教抑或是新教的传教士，他们之中的大多数人都对中国文化怀有敌意，认为这种古老的文化传统恰恰是福音在此传播的障碍。所以，这些传教士都一致认为摧毁中国人对自己文化所持有的“唯我独尊”的心理，进而改造或改变这种文化，是使整个帝国皈依上帝的关键一环。这样一来，基督教各差会为了实现这个目标，便开始尝试各种传教方法，运用各种宣教策略，以求从方方面面打击中国人的“中国文化优胜观”。因为，传教士们坚信只有打破中国固有的文化壁垒，作为西方文化组成部分的宗教思想才能在这片土地扎根。和兴办教育相比，以传医促传教在基督教的典籍中更能找到理论依据。耶稣本人不就正是通过治愈贫穷的患者来彰显其自身的神迹吗？所以，十九世纪来华的基督教各团体，尤其是新教各差会对于利用西方医学来吸引中国人入教显示了浓厚的兴趣。自美国新教传教士伯驾率先在广州开办新豆栏医院之后，西医诊所便开始从中国沿海地区向内地普及。尽管这些诊所的规模不等，但必然会有一位受过医学训练的传教士医生主持。面对柳叶刀所创造出的奇迹，不但中国的普通患者感到震惊，即便是如李鸿章这样的朝廷重臣也大为折服。与此同时，这些传教士医生为了减轻自己世俗工作的负担，开始训练中国本地助手。此举本意是为了缓解传教士医生的工作压力，使其能有更多的时间投身于传教事业，但反而却促使了中国西医学教育的起步。此外，一些开明士绅和民族资本家也日益意识到强国的关键在于强民，所以他们也积极开办西医诊疗与教育机构。然而，这些人大力提倡西医的动因却与传教士的初衷完全不同。他们希望通过西方先进的医学技术达到保民强种的目的，希望通过西方先进的医学技术使中国在新的世界格局中重新找回民族自尊的基础。这样一来，西方医学这一原本为宗教事业服务的工具就日渐脱离了传教士的掌控，开始成为了中国近代社会变革的组成部分。这一结果的出现实非传教士所能预料。为了配合医学朝现代化的方向发展，中国千百年来的卫生管理体制也开始发生变革。这一变革的参照是西方工业化国家的卫生行政管理制度，而变革的目的则是使公共卫生事业的建设最终被纳入中央行政管理的轨道。因此，这一做法本身也可视为“中国千古未有之变革”！至此，从某种意义上讲，传教士以传医促传教的策略虽未能在中国取得预期的效果，但却转而引发了中国近代全方位的医疗卫生体制的改革，引发了中国传统医疗文化的改变。若要追究医学传教事业失败的原因，我们就会发现中国人在和传教士交往的过程中慢慢地领悟到了这样一个事实——只接受其带来的西方先进的科学技术，而拒绝接纳其兜售的西方宗教哲学思想是完全可行的。
[Abstract]:In nineteenth Century, the enthusiasm of the Christian groups was again high. Therefore, China in the Far East was once again brought into the vision of the different Christian societies. The western world has gradually realized that there is an ancient and vast land in the Far East, where the population is the first in the world, so if so, A country's conversion to God's embrace will be a great achievement.
With the mission and expectation of "holy", with the footsteps of businessmen, soldiers and adventurers in their respective countries, missionaries in the West have come to China successively. But they soon found that although China is still in the era of former industry compared with the western countries, its long history has been created enough to despise the West. In addition, the missionaries quickly found that the Chinese are too conservative and have a deep-rooted sense of pride in their cultural traditions, which can be reflected in the almost no cultural class.
Therefore, the Catholic or Protestant missionaries, most of them are hostile to Chinese culture, and think that this ancient cultural tradition is precisely the obstacle to the spread of the gospel. To make or change this culture is a key link to the conversion of the Empire to the whole empire. In this way, in order to achieve this goal, Christianity began to try all kinds of missionary methods and use all kinds of propaganda strategies in order to fight the Chinese "culture of excellence" from all aspects, because the missionaries firmly believe that only breaking China is solid. Some cultural barriers, as a part of western culture, can take root in this land.
Compared with the development of education, it is more possible to find a theoretical basis in the Christian Classics. Is Jesus himself to show his own miracles through the cure of the poor? So, the Christian groups in China in China in nineteenth Century, especially the Protestant differences, have attracted the Chinese education by using western medicine. Strong interest. Western medical clinics began to spread from the coastal areas of China to the mainland since the new American Protestant Missionary BeO Bok opened the new bean hurdles hospital in Guangzhou. Although these clinics are different, there will inevitably be a medical trained missionary doctor. Ordinary patients were shocked, even the court officials like Li Hongzhang were greatly impressed.
At the same time, the missionaries began to train local Chinese assistants in order to reduce the burden of their secular work. This was intended to relieve the pressure of the missionaries' work and to make more time for missionary work, but on the contrary, it prompted the start of Chinese Western medicine education. In addition, some enlightened gentry and ethnic groups. The capitalists are also increasingly aware that the key to the great power is the strong people, so they also actively run western medical treatment and education institutions. However, these people are strongly advocating the motivation of Western medicine to be completely different from the original intention of the missionaries. They hope to achieve the purpose of protecting the people and strong species through western advanced medical technology, hoping to pass the advanced western medical techniques. It enables China to regain its national self-esteem in the new world structure.
As a result, western medicine, a tool that was originally a religious service, was increasingly out of the control of the missionaries and began to become part of the modern social change in China. The result was not expected by the missionaries. In order to match the direction of modernization, the health management system in China has opened for thousands of years. The change is based on the health administration system in the western industrialized countries, and the purpose of the reform is to make the construction of public health into the track of the central administration. Therefore, this practice can also be regarded as "China's unprecedented change"!
At this point, in a sense, the missionaries' strategy for promoting missionary work has failed to achieve the desired effect in China, but it has led to the reform of the modern Chinese medical and health system and the change of Chinese traditional medical culture. If the cause of the failure of medical missionary work is to be investigated, we will find that the Chinese are in it. In the course of communication with the missionaries, it was gradually realized that such a fact was accepted only by its advanced western science and technology, and it was completely feasible to refuse to accept the Western religious philosophy that it had sold.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R-09;K25

【参考文献】