梁士诒与交通系的形成和发展（1906-1916）

发布时间：2018-06-20 15:43

本文选题：梁士诒 + 邮传部　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：交通系是二十世纪中国最重要的既得利益官僚集团之一,它的创建和领导者是梁士诒(1868—1933)。梁士诒是广东籍的学者型官僚,其于1894年获得进士功名。梁在袁世凯及其主要外交财政顾问唐绍仪(1860—1938)的支持下进入邮传部。邮传部成立于1906年,经管所有现代化的交通事业,包括铁路、航运、邮政、电报和电话。在1907—1911年,梁士诒担任着铁路总局局长,铁路总局是管理政府铁路的领导机关。在此期间,梁士诒一方面致力于从外国人手中收回铁路管理权,并使之中央化,另一方面通过其高明的政治手腕组织了一个官僚和财政权力网。最初,他们的力量影藏于和袁世凯相互依赖的关系中。当袁在1916年病死后,梁和交通系开始显示出他们所拥有的强大力量。在军阀时期,他们活跃于不断更迭的北洋政府中,为一届届总统和总理提供着支持。当奉系军阀张作霖控制北京政府时,梁士诒本人还担任了政府的总理。直到1927年国民党进行北伐前,中国最重要的铁路都控制在交通系成员手中,他们中的许多人曾在不同时期担任过北京内阁的阁员。本文除绪论、结语外,共分为四部分：第一部分分述梁士诒早期的政治生活,从学者到铁路局长的转变。1903年的“经济特科”使梁士诒获得了袁世凯和唐绍仪的注意,并对其今后的事业具有着决定性的意义。1906年,邮传部成立后,梁士诒凭借着自身的学识以及袁世凯的影响,使其能够在邮传部建立起非凡的影响力。1907年,铁路总局局长的任命使梁士诒在加强政府对铁路控制方面扮演了一个十分重要的角色,同时也使他能够在铁路事务权力范围内建立起一个属于自己的官僚派系。第二部分分述梁士诒的官僚政治策略和交通系的源起。梁士诒在邮传部铁路机构的地位成为了交通系重要的权力基础,其不断在邮传部和铁路官僚体系中的重要部分安插着自己的亲信,这些人中最重要的有叶恭绰、关赓麟、关冕钧和赵庆华等,他们成为了梁士诒所领导交通系的中坚。虽然梁士诒和交通系在1909一1911年的政潮中受到了严重的挑战,但他们紧紧掌握着铁路的控制权。梁士诒和交通系坚强地抵抗来自政敌的攻击,并证明他们所拥有的实力。第三部分分述民国初年梁士诒与袁世凯的关系及其对交通系的影响。在1912—1916年间,梁士诒所领导的交通系成为袁世凯总统宝座的主要支柱之一,袁需要梁的财政意见、交通系在经营铁路方面的理财能力及其在银行界的影响力。梁使交通系隐藏在袁世凯之后,成功控制铁路与交通银行,并将影响力扩展于政府财政部门。在这过程中,交通系成为民初政坛上一个重要的政治势力。在1915—1916年间的帝制运动过程中,梁士诒及交通系将自己与袁世凯紧紧绑在同一辆战车上。当帝制运动宣告失败时,梁士诒及交通系也就从权力的顶峰跌落下来。第四部分分述交通系的组织特点及政治属性。在交通系的组织形成过程中,可以明显发现传统的社会关系占据了主导地位,如亲属、世谊、同乡、师生、长官部属、同年(学)、同僚、姻亲以及结拜等关系。这些关系在作为交通系结合纽带的同时时,在其内部还有着一整套完善的组织结构,为交通系的结合提供着强有力的支持。结语部分重点探讨梁士诒及交通系在清末民初这一转型时期所表现出的特殊利益集团属性,由于其处于社会政治层面的次一级,附属于政治强权势力,本身不能自主制约社会发展的大趋势,因此他们的政治行为大多是依附政治强权势力意志的体现,很少是自主意志在起支配作用,更多的是趋利避害的利益驱动。
[Abstract]:The transportation department was one of the most important vested interest bureaucracy groups in China in twentieth Century. It was founded and led by Liang Shiyi (1868 - 1933). Liang Shih was a scholar bureaucrat of Guangdong nationality. He was named as a scholar in 1894. Liang entered the post department under the support of Yuan Shikai and his main diplomatic adviser Tang Shaoyi (1860 - 1938). It was established in 1906 to manage all modern transportation, including railway, shipping, postal, Telegraph and telephone. In 1907 to 1911, Liang Shiyi served as the director of the General Administration of railway, and the General Administration of Railways was the leading organ for the administration of government railways. During this period, Liang Shiyi was committed to reclaim and centralize the management of railway from the hands of foreigners. On the other hand, a bureaucratic and financial power network was organized through its brilliant political wrist. Initially, their strength was hidden in the relationship with Yuan Shikai. When Yuan died in 1916, Liang and the transportation department began to show the strong power they had. During the warlords, they were active in the constantly changing North ocean government. In support of the president and prime minister, Liang Shiyi himself served as Prime Minister of the government when Zhang Zuolin, a warlord Zhang Zuolin, was also the Prime Minister of the government. Until the northern expedition of the Kuomintang in 1927, the most important railways in China were in the hands of the transport department, and many of them had served as members of the Beijing cabinet at different times.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four parts.
The first part describes Liang's early political life, the transition from the scholar to the railway Commissioner in.1903, which made Liang Shiyi's attention to Yuan Shikai and Tang Shaoyi, and has a decisive significance for his future career,.1906 years. After the establishment of the post ministry, Liang Shih has his own knowledge and Yuan Shikai's influence. To enable it to establish a remarkable influence in the post office of the.1907 year, the appointment of the director of the General Administration of railways made Liang Shiyi a very important role in strengthening the government's control of railway, and also enabled him to establish a own bureaucratic faction within the power of railway affairs.
The second part describes Liang's bureaucratic political strategy and the origin of the transportation department. The position of Liang Shih in the post ministry railway has become an important power base for the transportation department. It has been placed in the important part of the post ministry and the railway bureaucracy. The most important of these are Ye Gongchuo, Guan Genglin, Guan Mian and Zhao. Qinghua, and so on, became the backbone of the Department of transportation led by Liang Shih. Although Liang Shih and the Department of transportation were seriously challenged in the 1911 tide of politics, they firmly grasps the control of the railway. Liang Shih and the transportation department strongly resisted the attack from the political opponents and proved their strength.
The third part describes the relationship between Liang Shih and Yuan Shikai in the early years of the Republic of China and its influence on the transportation department. During the period of 1912 to 1916, the transportation department led by Liang Shiyi became one of the main pillars of President Yuan Shikai's throne. Yuan needed the financial opinions of Liang, the financial ability of the transportation department and its influence in the banking sector. After the transportation department was hidden behind Yuan Shikai, the railway and the Bank of communications were successfully controlled and the influence was extended to the government's financial department. In this process, the transportation department became an important political force in the political arena of the early Republic of China. During the monarchy movement between 1915 and 1916, Liang Shiyi and the cross department tied themselves with Yuan Shikai to the same chariot. When the monarchy movement failed, Liang Shiyi and the traffic department fell from the peak of power.
The fourth part describes the organizational and political attributes of the transportation department. In the course of the formation of the transportation department, it can be found that the traditional social relations occupy a dominant position, such as relatives, friendship, fellow townships, teachers and students, the Ministry of the chief, the same year (school), colleagues, in laws, and worship. At the same time, there is a complete set of perfect organizational structure, which provides strong support for the integration of transportation system.
The concluding part focuses on the special interest group attributes expressed by Liang Shiji and the transportation department in the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Because it is at the secondary level of the social and political level, it is attached to the power of political power, which itself cannot restrict the big trend of social development, so their political behavior is mostly dependent on political power. The manifestation of power will be that self will plays a dominant role, and more is profit driven by advantages and disadvantages.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K257;K258;U21

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