“文革”时期英模文化的历史解读

发布时间：2018-06-21 11:19

本文选题：“文革” + 英雄　；参考：《山东师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：英雄模范是中国革命的先驱、中华民族的脊梁、子孙万代的楷模。他们所具有的崇高的理想和伟大的献身精神,使得他们成为引领时代前进,推动社会进步的先锋旗帜。对英雄人物的崇拜与效仿古之如此,中国共产党成立后皆以此鼓舞士气、团结力量、共筑大业。时至“文革”,“英雄崇拜”更加泛滥。有学者说“文革”是一个“造神”的年代。伴随各类政治活动开展过程中,涌现出大批英雄、模范、榜样、标兵。他们与那些经受过“文革”洗礼幸存下来的老英雄、老模范,褶褶闪耀在时代的天空,而那些不幸被定性为“假劳模”的个体,不管之前他们的业绩有多辉煌,瞬间陨落。回归至这一特殊时代背景,从六十年代开始,受国内外环境影响,中国社会政治气味愈加浓厚。国内反修防修运动的急速推进,对毛泽东的个人崇拜逐渐达到顶峰,他的振臂一挥,得到几乎所有中国人的响应,由此导致了“文革”中一系列群体性事件的发生及演变。红卫兵运动、知识青年上山下乡、“三支两军”,无不带有这方面的因素。另外,国际上与苏联关系的恶化升级,直接导致我国政府外交战略转移思路的初步构成。在此大环境下,置身在其中的英模人物,因缘际会的在其中扮演了不可或缺的角色。众多英模人物相涌而出的同时,他们几乎无一例外的经历了一番荣辱沉浮的岁月。文章正是以此为主线展开考察论述。英模文化的存在意义在于他是一种具有正面示范和激励功能的文化形态,由此典型的挖掘确立,除了要符合人民大众的传统尊崇观外,也须突出执政党的主流价值观。基于此,文章通过对英模人物的培育机制、宣传推广机制以及表彰机制的历史考察,比较客观的还原了这一文化机制当时的状况。在今天很多人眼中,英雄只不过是一瞬间的行为成就其英名。三国刘备文曰:“勿以善小而不为,勿以恶小而为之”,马克思唯物辩证论认为,量变是质变的前提。没有平时的点滴服务奉献精神的累积,又何谈危急时刻的挺身而出!基于此,在对英模人物的家庭、职业等个体因素考察的同时,对其心态、品德进行了概括梳理,总结自身成就其英雄壮举道路的点点滴滴。另外,诸如党的领导、教育、传统文化的客观引导、个人的社会实践也是其重要因素。同时不可否认的是,在这一特殊历史时期,人性中的某些消极成分在某些因素的引导下被无限扩大,甚至于被曲解走向极端。这种双向成分的存在暴露是时代性的深刻体现。英模文化作为执政党主流价值观的集中体现,当政的政治思想无疑会是文化机制形成的重要因素。在以“无产阶级专政下继续革命理论”指导下,“文革”时期风云变幻的政局注定了这一文化机制的非正常走势。林彪担任国防部长以后在军队系统大肆推出“突出政治”,在这一标准被推广至各行各业以后,政治因素渐成评价忠诚与否、先进与否的硬性指标;“九一三事变”后,周恩来在部分领域进行了“左”倾思想的克服工作,重提实干精神。这一思想转轨为英模文化步入正轨提供了可能;“文革”后期,“四人帮”日益猖獗,出于打倒周恩来、邓小平等老一辈无产阶级革命家的目的,他们授意树立了一批“反潮流英雄”。思想政治领域难得的一点曙光再次遭到扼杀。文章通过对这一时期政治思想领域的历史考察,总结得出英模文化阶段性特征的呼唤因素。作为一种具有示范和激励功能的文化形态,英模文化从思想引导、实践榜样等方面实现其社会效应。受时代局限性影响,在取得某些正面效应的同时,伴随而来的还有诸多负面影响。在观其利弊基础上,进而对这一文化机制进行初步的总结评价。总之,考察这段时期的英模文化现象,便于我们认识和理解这个特殊的历史时期,具象地勾画时代特征。“以史为鉴,可以知兴替”,考察总结“文革”时期英模文化,不仅对我们实事求是地认识定位“文革”时的这一现象意义重大,对我们今天落实科学发展观,构建和谐社会,建设21世纪有中国特色的社会主义精神文明,亦颇有重大现实关照性和理论借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The hero model is the pioneer of the Chinese revolution, the backbone of the Chinese nation and the model of the generations of generations. Their lofty ideals and great dedication have made them the pioneer flag to lead the times and promote the progress of the society. So the Chinese Communist Party is inspired by the Chinese Communist Party after the founding of the Communist Party. Qi, united strength, and build a great undertaking. Until the "Cultural Revolution", "hero worship" is more widespread.
Some scholars say the "Cultural Revolution" is an age of "making God". In the course of various political activities, a large number of heroes, models, models, and signs are sprung up. They are with those old heroes who survived the "Cultural Revolution" baptism, old models and folds shining in the sky of the times, and those who are unfortunate to be identified as "fake models". No matter how brilliant their performance was before, they fell instantly.
Returning to this special background, since 60s, China's social and political scent has become more and more strong because of the influence of the domestic and foreign environment. The rapid advance of the domestic anti repair and anti repair movement has reached the peak of Mao Zedong's personal worship, and his arm has been swept by almost all Chinese people, which has led to a series of "Cultural Revolution". The occurrence and evolution of mass events. The Red Guard movement, the young intellectuals in the mountains and the countryside, the "three branches and the two armies" are all with this factor. In addition, the deterioration and upgrading of the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union directly lead to the preliminary constitution of the thought of the transfer of the diplomatic strategy of our government. It plays an indispensable role in it. At the same time, many of the heroes and heroes have gone through the years of disgrace and disgrace almost without exception.
The significance of the English model culture lies in that he is a cultural form with positive demonstration and incentive function, which is established by the typical excavation. In addition to conforming to the traditional values of the people, the mainstream values of the ruling party must be highlighted. Based on this, the article through the cultivation mechanism of the British model people, the publicity and promotion mechanism and the commendation machine. The historical investigation of the system objectively restored the situation of the cultural mechanism at that time.
In the eyes of many people today, a hero is only a moment of action to make his name. Liu Beiwen in Three Kingdoms said, "do not be small and not, do not do it with evil." Marx's materialist dialectics holds that quantitative change is the premise of a qualitative change. At the same time, in the study of the individual factors such as the family and the profession of the British model people, they generalize their mentality and morality and sum up their own achievements in their heroic and heroic ways. In addition, such as the leadership of the party, the education, the objective guidance of the traditional culture, and the personal social practice are also important factors. In the special historical period, some negative elements in human nature were expanded under certain factors, even being distorted to extremes. The existence of this two-way component is a profound embodiment of the times.
As an embodiment of the mainstream values of the ruling party, the British model culture will undoubtedly be an important factor in the formation of the cultural mechanism. Under the guidance of "the theory of continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat", the political situation in the period of the "Cultural Revolution" was doomed to the abnormal trend of this cultural machine system. Lin Biao served as the Minister of defense. After the introduction of "prominent politics" in the military system, after this standard was popularized to all walks of life, the political factor gradually became a hard index to evaluate loyalty or not, advanced or not, and after the "913 incident", Zhou Enlai carried out the "left" idea of overcoming the work and revive the practical spirit in some fields. This idea turned into a British model. In the late period of the cultural revolution, "the gang of four" was rampant. For the purpose of overcoming Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping and other older proletarian revolutionaries, they set up a number of "anti tide heroes". A rare dawn in the ideological and political field was again strangled. The article through the political thought of this period. The historical investigation of the field of thought sums up the calling factors of the periodical characteristics of the English model culture.
As a cultural form with demonstrative and inspiring functions, the British model culture realizes its social effect from ideological guidance and practice example. Influenced by the limitations of the times, there are many negative effects accompanied by some positive effects. On the basis of its advantages and disadvantages, the cultural mechanism is preliminarily general. Evaluation.
In a word, it is convenient for us to understand and understand this special historical period and to understand the special historical period and to draw the characteristics of the times. The implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development today, the construction of a harmonious society and the construction of a socialist spiritual civilization with Chinese characteristics in twenty-first Century also have significant practical and theoretical significance.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K27

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