中国海关中的德国之声1861-1917

发布时间：2018-06-21 12:15

本文选题：中国海关 + 德籍关员　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代中国在鸦片战争后开始逐渐丧失统一性和自主性,沦为列强竞相角逐的场地,作为国家门户的中国海关自然也不例外。列强的参与使近代中国海关成为了一个比较特殊的机构,其虽然机构在中国,所有权归中国,绝大部分人员也是中国的,但具体的运行却是以少数洋员为主导,按照外国的模式进行的。对清政府而言,洋员管理海关主要是基于内部财政和涉外纠纷考虑；对列强而言,洋员控制海关是维护其既得利益的考虑。因此,海关的有效运作对双方都是有利的,双方也都仅对海关保持了有限的干预,从而使其具有一定的独立性。海关的洋化和国际化并不是一蹴而就的,而是一个清政府和列强以及列强间在实践中不断磨合和协调的过程。其表面上是海关税务司的个人努力和作用,实际上则是列强间争夺中国的现实反映。在这场争夺中,德国人是居于弱势的次要地位的,而英国人则始终居于支配性的核心地位。由于海关主要是作为一个执行其既得利益而不是进一步攫取利益的工具而存在的,因此列强的主要目的在于通过适度干涉以保证其按条约规定正常运行而不是完全控制。但中国近代化的需要赋予了海关洋员本职之外的更大的施展空间,海关洋员由此又成为了中国近代化的媒介。洋员进入中国海关中的途径是多样的,目的也是复杂的。其面临的不仅是基本公私利益的考量和抉择,还有国家利益间的权衡和取舍。基于海关洋员的民族性,其始终会是中国国家利益的潜在隐患；但基于中国近代化的需要,其却又是不可或缺的。二者如何合理权衡,是一个相当复杂和微妙的问题,历史在这里为我们提供了一个生动的舞台。本课题主要梳理和研究的这个历史舞台中德籍关员的活动,探究在中西交融的海关中的德籍关员的权衡取舍,进而为现实中的的中外合作与交流提供一些历史借鉴。
[Abstract]:After the Opium War, modern China began to lose its unity and autonomy and became the arena for the great powers to compete with each other. As a national gateway, China Customs was no exception. The participation of the foreign powers has made the modern Chinese customs a relatively special organization. Although the organization is in China and the ownership is in China, most of the personnel are also Chinese, but the specific operation is dominated by a small number of foreign personnel. According to a foreign pattern. To the Qing government, the management of foreign customs is mainly based on the internal financial and foreign disputes; for the powers, the control of foreign customs is to protect their vested interests. Therefore, the effective operation of customs is beneficial to both sides, and both sides only maintain limited interference to customs, which makes them independent to a certain extent. The Westernization and internationalization of customs was not accomplished overnight, but was a process of continuous running-in and coordination between the Qing government and the powers and the great powers in practice. On the surface, it is the personal effort and function of the Department of Customs and Taxation, but in fact it is a reflection of the struggle between the great powers for China. In this battle, the Germans are in a weak secondary position, while the British are always at the center of the dominant position. Since customs exist primarily as a means of enforcing their vested interests rather than further grabbing them, the main purpose of the powers is to ensure their proper operation in accordance with the provisions of the treaty, rather than complete control, through moderate intervention. However, the need for modernization of China has given more room for foreign customs officers to exert themselves, and customs officers have thus become the medium of China's modernization. The ways for foreigners to enter Chinese customs are diverse and complex. It faces not only the consideration and choice of the basic public and private interests, but also the trade-offs between the national interests. Based on the nationality of foreign customs officers, it will always be the potential hidden danger of China's national interests, but it is indispensable for the needs of China's modernization. How to balance the two is a rather complex and delicate issue, history here provides us with a vivid stage. This subject mainly combs and studies the activities of German customs officers in this historical stage, explores the trade-offs of German customs officers in the Sino-Western customs, and then provides some historical reference for the actual Sino-foreign cooperation and exchange.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：F752.5;K251

【共引文献】