赫德对晚清中国社会的影响

发布时间：2018-06-21 12:21

本文选题：罗伯特·赫德 + 晚清　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：罗伯特.赫德(Rorbert Hart,以下简称赫德)是晚清时期中国历史上一个不可忽视的人物,他于1854年大学毕业后被英国外交部作为翻译人员选派到中国,1861年和费士来共同署理中国海关总税务司,1863年正式担任中国海关总税务司,1908年离开中国,1911年在英国去世。赫德在中国生活了半个多世纪,统治中国海关48年,对晚清中国社会带来了深刻影响。本文由绪论、正文、结语三大部分组成,阐述了赫德对晚清中国社会的影响,并分析赫德之所以能带来如此巨大影响的原因。绪论部分介绍了本题研究的目的意义、综述了国内外学者研究的情况,提出了研究方法与研究思路,说明了本文的创新与不足。正文部分共分六章。第一章阐述了赫德从宏观和微观两个层面完善和发展了晚清税务司海关制度,促使晚清海关基本实现近代化。第二章论述了赫德对晚清政府内政的影响。包括：赫德影响晚清政府的中枢决策；倡导并参与洋务运动；改变中国财税分配关系,影响财政体制改革等方面。第三章论述了赫德对晚清政府外交的影响。着重阐述了赫德在历次条约谈判中的表现,组织海关代表中国参加万国博览会,促推清政府遣使出访,设立海关驻伦敦办事处以帮助操控业余外交活动。第四章论述了赫德对晚清军事的影响。包括：赫德在晚清政府军火采购中的意图和作用,在北洋水师组建过程中的图谋,觊觎清政府海防司职务,参加对太平军的直接军事行动,以及对清政府军事改革的建议等。第五章论述了赫德对晚清中国社会影响的评价。归纳、比较了西方人士和中方学者在评价赫德对晚清时期中国近代社会带来影响上的几乎截然不同的观点,并提出了三个方面的再认识,即：赫德在晚清中国社会“软件”建设方面的正面作用与反面作用,“硬件”建设方面的正面作用与反面作用,以及赫德在维护晚清政府统治利益方面的促进作用与迟滞中国社会变革的反面作用。第六章从时代背景、赫德的个性心理特征和政治性格的特征等方面,分析了赫德给晚清中国社会带来巨大影响的原因。结语部分进一步总结了历史选择赫德的偶然和必然,从纵向上,将赫德在影响晚清中国社会的过程归纳为“积淀基础期、重要机遇期、成就辉煌期和日薄西山期”四个阶段。
[Abstract]:Robert Rorbert Hart (hereinafter referred to as Hurd) is an important figure in the Chinese history of the late Qing Dynasty. After graduating from university in 1854, he was selected and sent to China by the British Foreign Office as a translator. In 1861, he served as the General Taxation Department of China Customs, and in 1863 he formally served as the General Taxation Department of China Customs. He left China in 1908 and died in England in 1911. Hurd lived in China for more than half a century and ruled the customs for 48 years, which had a profound influence on the Chinese society in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. It expounds the influence of Hurd on the Chinese society in the late Qing Dynasty and analyzes the reasons why Hurd can bring such a great influence. The introduction part introduces the purpose and significance of this research, summarizes the research situation of scholars at home and abroad, puts forward the research methods and research ideas, and explains the innovation and deficiency of this paper. The text is divided into six chapters. The first chapter expounds that Hurd perfected and developed the customs system of the tax department in the late Qing Dynasty from the macro and micro aspects, and promoted the modernization of the customs in the late Qing Dynasty. The second chapter discusses the influence of Hurd on the internal affairs of the late Qing government. It includes: Hurd influenced the central decision of the late Qing government, advocated and participated in the Westernization Movement, changed the relationship of fiscal and tax distribution in China, and influenced the reform of the fiscal system. The third chapter discusses the influence of Hurd on the late Qing government diplomacy. In this paper, the performance of Hurd in the negotiation of various treaties is expounded emphatically, the customs is organized to represent China in the World Exposition, the Qing government is urged to send a foreign visit, and the Customs Office in London is set up to help control the amateur diplomatic activities. The fourth chapter discusses the influence of Hurd on the late Qing military. It includes: the intention and role of Hurd in the procurement of arms in the late Qing Dynasty, the plot in the course of the establishment of the Beiyang Waterdivision, the coveting of the position of the Department of Coastal Defence of the Qing Government, the participation in the direct military action against the Taiping Army, and the suggestions for the military reform of the Qing Government. Chapter five discusses Hurd's evaluation of the social impact of the late Qing Dynasty. This paper summarizes and compares the almost different views of western scholars and Chinese scholars in evaluating Hurd's influence on the modern Chinese society in the late Qing Dynasty, and puts forward three reunderstandings. That is, the positive and negative roles of Hurd in the construction of "software" in the late Qing Dynasty, and the positive and negative effects in the construction of "hardware". In addition, Hurd's promoting role in safeguarding the interests of the late Qing government and the negative effect of lagging Chinese social change. The sixth chapter analyzes the reasons of Hurd's great influence on the Chinese society in the late Qing Dynasty from the aspects of the background of the times, the psychological characteristics of his personality and the characteristics of his political character. The conclusion part further summarizes the chance and necessity of the historical choice of Hurd. Vertically, it concludes the process of Hurd's influence on the Chinese society in the late Qing Dynasty into four stages: "accumulation foundation period, important opportunity period, achievement brilliant period and day and thin west mountain period".
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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