额尔金眼中的中国形象

发布时间：2018-06-22 21:03

本文选题：额尔金 + 中国形象　；参考：《南京大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：第八任额尔金伯爵詹姆斯·布鲁斯是在第二次鸦片战争期间中英交往的关键人物之一,他因下令英法联军火烧圆明园而使中国人记忆深刻。他于1857—一1861年间两次出使中国,从沿海通商口岸到长江内陆都留下了他的足迹,接触到了中国社会的各阶层,从王公大臣到底层民众；1858年7月他到达日本并代表英国政府与其签订了通商条约；回到英国后又调任印度总督,最后在印度死于心脏病。本文围绕额尔金来华历史事件展开讨论,通过对日记、游记等文本进行分析,探讨他眼中的中国形象,并且尝试对同时代中国人眼中的英国形象进行考察,试图揭示出中英互视下异国形象差别的深层文化内涵。他在东方的特殊经历所塑造的印度与日本形象则为他眼中的中国形象提供了一个参照。本文第一章立足于第二次鸦片战争这一历史事实,介绍额尔金伯爵生平、来华原因以及他的两次中国之行。亚罗号事件爆发后,巴麦尊政府任命额尔金为政府特使来到中国,在他的领导下,英法联军武力进入广州城,并北上打到天津,1858年他代表英国政府同清政府签订了《天津条约》后回国。不过1859英法联军在大沽口与清军再次发生的激战又将额尔金拉回了中国。回到中国的额尔金带领联军直逼北京,逼得咸丰帝逃出京城。额尔金以“报复清政府虐待人质”为由火烧圆明园,最终第二次鸦片战争以《北京条约》的签订画上句号。第二章介绍了额尔金眼中具体的中国形象,从他对中国普通民众、官员及整个国家民族特性等诸多看法中试图挖掘这种形象生成与塑造的缘由。他眼中的民众生存环境恶劣,愚昧迷信而缺乏爱国精神；他眼中的官员冷漠蠢笨而又狡诈多疑；他眼中的中国整体形象也是暗淡无光的。额尔金眼中的这种中国形象形成原因是多方面的。首先,额尔金并非一个野心勃勃、好斗的人,相反,在他身上还存在着一股博爱情怀；其次,额尔金对中国的看法受到了来自同僚下属如包令、巴夏礼、西摩尔等人和国内舆论的压力；第三,则是他自己对在华斗争经验的总结,当他发现改变自己的思路,以武力和恫吓的方式来对待同中国的关系可以获得意想不到的效果后,便在此道路上一去不返,一直抱着对华强硬的处事信条。第三章将目光转向额尔金所活动过的另外两个东方国家——印度和日本,考察他眼中的日本与印度的形象,以此为参照来分析额尔金眼中中国形象生成背后的文化内涵。额尔金于1862年3月始任印度总督,直到1863年11月死于任上。他上任以后继承和改进许多坎宁时期缓和社会矛盾的措施,积极恢复自1857年兵变所破坏的社会秩序。但是受前人影响,他也是视印度为低等孱弱的民族,印度文化也是弱于英国现代文明的。至于他所待时间仅半个月的日本,他则给予了很高的评价。额尔金对日本的美好评价,除了有处于工业文明繁盛期的英国人对自身发展出现问题进行的反思外,另外一点原因就是19世纪西方国家对日本的评价己经陷入了一套话语体系中,评价时总是戴着一副“玫瑰色的眼镜”。最后一章将观察者与被观察者的身份对调,以中国为立足点,考察与额尔金来华同时代中国人眼中的英国形象。与额尔金眼中的中国形象相对应,此时的中国人在被动的与英国日益频繁联系的过程中对英国的认识也在走向分化,或视其为夷狄番鬼,或看它作礼仪之邦,但二者本质上都是立足于自身传统儒家观念基础上审视英国现代文明的结果。在19世纪英国文化中浸淫已久的额尔金,在观察异域文明的时候总是带着一副有色眼镜。无论他眼中的中国、印度还是日本形象,与实际情况都有一定的出入。造成这种落差的根源既有19世纪东西方国家在实力上的差异,也有二者之间根深蒂固的文化冲突。而他眼中的中国形象也不再只是单纯的中国,在此之外还夹杂了英国人自身的集体想象与创造。
[Abstract]:James Bruce, eighth, was one of the key figures in the Sino British Association during the second Opium War. He made the Chinese people memorable deeply by ordering the British and French troops to burn Old Summer Palace. He left China from 1857 to 1861 and left his footprints from the coastal ports to the long river. All strata of the state society from the Royal minister to the bottom of the public; in July 1858 he arrived in Japan and signed the Treaty of Commerce on behalf of the British government; after returning to Britain, he was transferred to the governor of India and finally died of heart disease in India. This article discussed the historical events of Erkin to China and analyzed the text of the diary, travel notes and so on. To discuss the Chinese image in his eyes, and to try to examine the image of the British in the eyes of the Chinese people of the same times, and try to reveal the deep cultural connotations of the differences in the image of foreign countries in China and Britain. The image of India and Japan, shaped by his special experiences in the East, provides a reference for the Chinese image in his eyes.
The first chapter of this article, based on the historical fact of the second Opium War, introduces the life of count Erkin, the reasons for the coming to China and his two trip to China. After the outbreak of the alo event, the government appointed Erkin as a special envoy of the government to China. Under his leadership, the British French coalition forces entered the city of Guangzhou, and went north to Tianjin, 1858 He returned to China on behalf of the British government and the Qing government on the Tianjin treaty. However, the 1859 British and French allied forces in the Dagu mouth and the Qing army once again brought Erkin back to China. Back to China, Erkin led the coalition forces to Beijing, forcing the emperor to escape the capital. Erkin was burned on the fire for "retaliation for the maltreatment of the hostages in the Qing government". Old Summer Palace, the last second Opium Wars, ended with the signing of the Beijing treaty.
The second chapter introduces the specific image of China in Erkin's eyes, and tries to excavate the reason for the creation and molding of the image from his views on the common people of China, officials and the national characteristics of the whole country. The people in his eyes are poor in living environment, ignorant and lacking in patriotism; the officials in his eyes are indifferent and cunning. The whole image of China in his eyes is dim. The reason for this Chinese image in the eyes of Erkin is multifaceted. First, Erkin is not an ambitious, aggressive person. On the contrary, there is a love affair with him; secondly, Erkin's views on China are from his colleagues as a package. The pressure of the order, Ba Xia Li, Seymour et al. And the domestic public opinion; third, is his own summary of the struggle experience in China. When he finds the way to change his thoughts, the way he treats the relationship with China with force and intimidation, he can get unexpected effects on this road and hold the hard and hard work of China. Creed.
The third chapter turns to Erkin's two other Eastern countries, India and Japan, to examine the image of Japan and India in his eyes as a reference to analyze the cultural connotation behind the appearance of the Chinese image in Erkin's eyes. Erkin was appointed governor of India in March 1862 and died in his appointment in November 1863. Later, he inherited and improved many measures to mitigate social contradictions during the Canin period, and actively restored the social order destroyed by the war of war in 1857. However, influenced by his predecessors, he regarded India as a low and weak nation, and India culture was also weaker than the British modern civilization. Erkin's evaluation of Japan, in addition to the reflection on the problems of its own development in the prosperous period of industrial civilization, is another reason that the western countries' evaluation of Japan in nineteenth Century has been trapped in a set of discourse systems, and always wears a pair of "rose colored glasses".
The last chapter focuses on the identity of the observer and the observer, taking China as the foothold and examining the image of the British in the eyes of the Chinese people of Erkin to China. It corresponds to the Chinese image in the eyes of Erkin. At this time, the Chinese people's understanding of Britain in the course of the increasingly frequent contact with Britain is also going to differentiate, or look at it. For the barbarians, or to see it as a state of ceremonies, the two are essentially based on their own traditional Confucian concepts and examine the results of modern British civilization.
Erkin, who has been soaked in the British culture in the nineteenth Century, always carries a pair of spectacles in the observation of a foreign civilization. No matter what he sees as China, India or Japan, there is a certain difference from the actual situation. The root causes the difference between the eastern and Western countries in nineteenth Century and the root of the two. Deep and solid culture conflict, and the image of China in his eyes is no longer just a simple China. In addition, it also contains the collective imagination and creation of the British themselves.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K254.3

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