清朝同治年间重修圆明园研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 19:36

本文选题：圆明园 + 第二次鸦片战争　；参考：《辽宁师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：圆明园位于北京西郊历代园林荟萃之区,清王朝于康熙四十八年在明代废园基础上修建而成。雍正时期圆明园不断添置新景区,乾隆皇帝时期把圆明园视为最主要的宫苑,在他长久的任期内,非常热衷于扩建圆明园,圆明园在此时达到了它的全盛时期。乾隆以后,圆明园的大规模扩建随着国力的衰退而结束,甚至连基本的维护费用都很难维持。第二次鸦片战争中,英法联军在大沽口被清军打败,为了报复清王朝,英法联军进犯北京城,占领圆明园。为了给予清帝精神上的打击,英军于咸丰十年九月初五日极其野蛮地纵火焚烧圆明园。经过英法联军的抢掠与焚毁,圆明园遭到了严重的破坏,只是由于圆明园范围辽阔,还有一部分幸免于难,尚存的建筑十三处多位于圆明园北部僻远的地方。同治十二年同治皇帝亲政,翌年又是慈禧四十寿辰,于是同治皇帝便以孝顺两宫太后为名发布上谕重修圆明园。谕旨发布后遭到御史沈淮、游百川等人的反对,同治皇帝一意孤行,通过斥责、罢免的方法杀一儆百,最终在同治十二年十月初八日圆明园的重修工程正式开工。虽然工程规划十分宏大和详细,但工程所需的费用及材料却是亟待解决的难题。工程费用主要来源于王公大臣的捐输,但是从圆明园开工至停工,官员仅捐输了三十万两白银,跟工程所需费用相比,不过杯水车薪,无法从根本上解决费用问题。除了此之外,工程所需的材料也同样难求,尤其是重修圆明园工程所需的巨木。同治帝和内务府官员采取了各种方法寻求巨木,但结果并不如人意。而且因为寻找工程所需巨木导致了李光昭案的发生,此案引起了轩然大波,反对重修圆明园的呼声再次高涨。同治十三年七月十六日,恭亲王奕鐳联合其他大臣向同治皇帝上书陈情,最终迫使同治皇帝停止了营建工程。
[Abstract]:Old Summer Palace is located in the western suburb of Beijing, where the gardens of the past dynasties converged. The Qing Dynasty was built on the basis of the abandoned gardens of the Ming Dynasty in 48 years of Kangxi. During the Yongzheng period, Old Summer Palace continued to acquire new scenic spots. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Old Summer Palace was regarded as the most important palace. During his long term of office, he was very keen to expand Old Summer Palace, and Old Summer Palace reached its heyday at this time. After Qianlong, the massive expansion of Old Summer Palace ended with the decline of national strength, and even basic maintenance costs were difficult to sustain. In the second Opium War, the British and French allied forces were defeated by the Qing army in Dagu Kou. In retaliation for the Qing Dynasty, the Anglo-French allied forces invaded Beijing and occupied Old Summer Palace. To inflict a mental blow on the Qing emperor, the British army set Old Summer Palace on fire with great savagery on the fifth day of September of ten years in Xianfeng. As a result of the looting and incineration of the Anglo-French coalition, Old Summer Palace was severely damaged, only because of its vast area and partly survived, with more than 13 remaining buildings located far north of Old Summer Palace. Tongzhi 12 years, the next year is Cixi 40th birthday, so the emperor in the name of filial piety and imperial empress announced a re-repair of Old Summer Palace. After the oracle was issued by Imperial Shi Shen Huai, you Baichuan and other people opposed, the emperor ruled his own way, through reprimand, recall method to make an example of a hundred, finally in Tongzhi 12 October early October 8, Old Summer Palace rehabilitation project officially started. Although the project planning is very grand and detailed, the cost and material of the project is a difficult problem to be solved. The cost of the project came mainly from the royal minister's donation, but officials donated only 302000 silver dollars from the start to the shutdown of the Old Summer Palace, which is only too small to solve the problem compared with the cost of the project. In addition to this, the materials required for the project are equally difficult to obtain, especially the giant wood needed to rebuild the Old Summer Palace project. Tongzhi Emperor and the officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs adopted various methods to seek giant trees, but the results were not satisfactory. And because the search for the necessary giant wood led to the Li Guangzhao case, the case caused a huge uproar, opposition to the reconstruction of Old Summer Palace is rising again. On July 16, 13, Prince Gong Yi radium, together with other ministers, wrote to the Emperor and finally forced the Emperor to stop the construction work.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K252

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