清末新政时期河南省军事近代化研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 06:56

本文选题：清末新政 + 河南省　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：二十世纪初的清末新政,是清政府在内外交困的局势中为挽救其自身危亡而主导的一场涉及政治、经济、军事、教育等各方面的改革运动。在这场自上而下的改革中,练兵筹饷直接关系着王朝军事力量的发展,以及对内统治权威的强化和对外话语权的获得。因此,清政府将军事改革置于十分重要的地位,并投入了大量的人力物力财力,有效地推动了军事近代化的进程。但是,新政时期各项改革措施的根本目的是维护清王朝的封建统治。不管是中央的主政者,还是各省的将军督抚,他们的计划和实践不可能完全摆脱旧制度及旧观念的影响。因此,军事改革亦存在着明显的不足之处,一定程度上制约了军事近代化的速度与水平。新政开始之后,朝廷陆续颁布了多道军事改革谕旨,河南省遂即应诏开展新军的编练建设及旧军的裁减改造工作。在清政府的重视和督饬下,在豫抚的筹划和实施下,河南新军在3年多的时间里便达到一混成协的规模。与此同时,新军的武器装备及军事教育均获得了长足的发展,战斗力亦大幅度提升。另外,河南绿营兵丁悉数被裁,仅剩余了少量的官弁及其护兵。驻防八旗之精壮被挑选出来另行编组训练,旗人子弟也获得了更多接受教育的机会。除了经制兵的裁撤和整顿,防军练军被归并为巡防队,留存的绿营及各地民壮被改编为巡警。如此一来,作为国防力量的新军与作为地方治安力量的旧军共同进步,既体现了社会转型时期的军事状况,又促进了军事近代化的发展。然而,河南新军的营制中掺杂着旧日规章,且新军的扩充在光绪三十二年(1906年)后基本上趋于停滞,终未实现清政府规定的一镇之目标。此外,河南新军从编练之初就被纳入北洋系统的严密控制之下,成为袁世凯镇压辛亥革命的工具。而河南旧军本就积弊已深,八旗、巡防队、巡警的新操训练及人才培养在广度与深度上也都十分有限。加上没有相应的制度及饷力与之配合,其效果难免大打折扣。总之,清末新政时期河南省的军事近代化既是全国范围内军事近代化进程的重要组成部分,也可看作晚清最后10年国家以军事改革谋求自强的缩影,其复杂而曲折的前进道路以及成就与不足并存的现实状况为当今中国的军事改革留下了丰富的经验和教训。
[Abstract]:The New deal of the late Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century was a reform movement in politics, economy, military affairs, education and so on, which was dominated by the Qing government in the difficult situation of internal and foreign affairs to save its own crisis. In this top-down reform, training directly related to the development of the dynasty's military power, as well as the strengthening of the authority of internal rule and the acquisition of the right of foreign discourse. Therefore, the Qing government put the military reform in a very important position, and invested a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, effectively promoted the process of military modernization. However, the fundamental purpose of the reform measures during the New deal period was to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Whether they are the central rulers or the provincial generals, their plans and practices cannot be completely free from the influence of the old system and old ideas. Therefore, there are obvious deficiencies in military reform, which restricts the speed and level of military modernization to some extent. After the beginning of the New deal, the imperial court promulgated many military reform decrees one after another, and Henan Province then began the new army training construction and the reduction and transformation of the old army. With the attention and supervision of the Qing government and the planning and implementation of Yu Fu, Henan New Army reached a mixed scale in more than three years. At the same time, the arms, equipment and military education of the Forces nouvelles have developed rapidly and their combat effectiveness has been greatly improved. In addition, Henan Green Ying Ding was cut, only a small number of officers and their guards. The eight banners were chosen to be organized and trained separately, and the children were given more opportunities to receive education. In addition to the abolition and consolidation of the army, the army was merged into a patrol, and the remaining Green Battalion and the local people and Zhuang were reorganized as patrolmen. Thus, the common progress of the new army as a national defense force and the old army as a local security force not only reflected the military situation in the period of social transformation, but also promoted the development of military modernization. However, the battalion system of Henan New Army was mixed with old regulations, and the expansion of the New Army was basically stagnant after Guang Xu 32 (1906), and the goal of a town as stipulated by the Qing government was not realized. In addition, the Henan New Army was brought under the strict control of the Beiyang system from the beginning of its compilation and training, and became the tool of Yuan Shikai to suppress the 1911 Revolution. However, the old military budget of Henan has already had deep disadvantages, and the new training and personnel training of the eight banners, patrol defense teams and patrol policemen are also very limited in scope and depth. Coupled with the absence of a corresponding system and pay with it, its effect will inevitably be greatly compromised. In short, the military modernization of Henan Province during the New deal period of the late Qing Dynasty is not only an important part of the process of military modernization in the whole country, but also a microcosm of the military reform in the last 10 years of the late Qing Dynasty. Its complicated and tortuous way of progress and the reality of the coexistence of achievements and deficiencies have left rich experience and lessons for China's military reform today.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252

【参考文献】