教案与晚清官员处罚

发布时间：2018-06-27 07:45

本文选题：晚清政府 + 教案　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 晚清时期,教案频发。清政府在本就内外交困的情形下,更感情势艰难。列强早在第一次鸦片战争之后就开始用强权为外人在华传教谋取利益。之后接二连三的不平等条约的签订,更是扩大了外人在华的传教特权,形成了一系列条约特权制度。有了条约特权制度的保驾护航,每逢教案发生,列强便以此为据,在与清政府交涉时咄咄逼人。列强不仅要求中方赔偿因教案造成的损失,更是干涉中国内政,要求清政府严惩办案不力的官员。清政府起初对此并不愿意,只是为了避免洋人饶舌,临时应对,少量处罚一些品级相对较低的官员。然而,随着列强要求的不断升级,教案的发展态势越来越严重,清政府开始主动处罚官员。从临时应对到主动处罚,再到《严定教案处分章程》的颁布,这中间经历了一个演变过程。既是列强侵略不断加深的表现,也是中国社会半殖民地化程度不断加深的表现。从晚清官僚的视野来看待官员处罚问题,清廷中既有反对处罚官员者,也有自请惩处者,还有为了维持大局,主张处罚官员者。从晚清的内政外交视野来看待官员处罚问题,官员处罚不仅影响了清政府的官吏处罚制度,更是影响着清政府的外交。从国际法视野来看待官员处罚问题,清政府的这种做法是主权的丧失,是列强侵略的产物。从传教视野来看待官员处罚问题,由于传教和列强的侵略势力紧密联系在一起,因而传教士对官员被处罚持肯定态度。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, the teaching plan frequently occurred. The Qing government felt more difficult under the circumstances of internal and diplomatic difficulties. As early as after the first Opium War, the powers began to preach for outsiders in China. After that, the signing of successive unequal treaties expanded the preaching privilege of outsiders in China and formed a series of treaty privileges. With the protection of the treaty privilege system, whenever the religious cases occurred, the great powers used this as the basis for aggressive negotiations with the Qing government. The powers not only demanded that the Chinese side compensate for the losses caused by the teaching case, but also interfered in China's internal affairs and demanded that the Qing government severely punish officials who failed to handle the case. At first, the Qing government was reluctant to do so, just to avoid foreign chatter, to deal with it temporarily, and to punish relatively low-ranking officials with a small number of penalties. However, with the constant upgrading of the demands of the powers, the development of teaching plans became more and more serious, and the Qing government began to punish officials voluntarily. From temporary response to active punishment, to the promulgation of strict teaching case punishment regulations, it has undergone an evolutionary process. It is not only a manifestation of the deepening aggression of the great powers, but also a manifestation of the deepening degree of semi-colonization in Chinese society. From the perspective of the bureaucrats in the late Qing Dynasty, there were not only those who opposed the punishment of officials, but also those who asked for punishment, and in order to maintain the overall situation, they advocated punishing officials. From the perspective of internal and foreign affairs in the late Qing Dynasty, officials' punishment not only affected the system of official punishment of Qing government, but also affected the diplomacy of Qing government. From the perspective of international law, the punishment of officials is a loss of sovereignty and a product of aggression by foreign powers. From the perspective of missionary view, the missionary held a positive attitude towards the punishment of officials because of the close connection between missionary and the invading forces of the powers.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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