抗战时期重庆大隧道惨案研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 12:57

本文选题：抗战时期 + 重庆　；参考：《重庆师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着抗日战争形势的发展,国民政府西迁重庆,重庆成为了战时首都。为了摧毁中国抗战的后方基地,动摇大后方人民的抗日意志,迫使重庆国民政府投降,1938年12月2日,日本裕仁天皇下令对重庆实施战略轰炸。这样日本对抗战时期的首都重庆开始了长达5年半之久的战略大轰炸。重庆大轰炸是抗日战争时期日本法西斯在中国制造的血腥暴行之一,其轰炸时间之长、次数之多、造成人员伤亡和财产损失之惨重举世震惊,给重庆人民造成了极其惨重的灾难。在没有实力与日军正面空中作战的情况下,国民政府被迫把防空重心转向了消极防御。利用重庆特有的地理条件,修筑了防空洞、大隧道等许多的消极防空设施。随着日机轰炸的日益频繁,为了配合解决市区一般市民和流动人口空袭避难场所严重不足的问题,重庆市防空司令部于1938年8月1日设立隧道工程处,在密集的市区修建公共防空大隧道。1940年夏,重庆防空当局于是决定将局部沟通了的隧道分段提前开放。由于尚未竣工,内部设备十分简陋,通风设施不足,空气流通不畅,照明全是煤油壁灯,安全隐患严重。 1941年6月5日下午6时左右,重庆上空突然空袭警报长鸣。由于袭击突然,疏散已经来不及,因此,当日在涌入大隧道里避难的人和行李比往日要多得多。当晚敌人采用小批量的轮番轰炸,整个空袭长达5个多小时。在防空洞中躲避空袭的人们氧气不足,人们惊呼、惨叫,互相挤压、互相践踏,最终发生了大隧道窒息惨案。从重庆大隧道窒息惨案发生至今,关于惨案的死亡人数问题上还是众说纷纭,本文通过史料分析大隧道的容量,及惨案的存活率,否定了几百人和上万人等不合实际的说法,最后得出惨案死亡人数应为1115人到2000人之间。并通过分析得出大隧道惨案发生的原因是多方面的,包括当晚的日机的轮番疲劳轰炸、避难群众的安全应急知识缺乏、大隧道的建设与管理、组织救护等各方面的问题。大隧道惨案的发生引起了国内外多家新闻媒体的关注。许多社会团体及个人也发出了自己的声音对惨案表示同情和关注。受害者家属上书请愿要求当局妥善处理惨案。重庆市临时参议会积极督促当局要求严查此案。惨案发生后国民政府对此案进行了调查与善后,加强了对防空洞等防空设施的改善和对防空洞管理的改进,也取得了一定成效。本文就重庆大隧道惨案发生的背景、经过、死亡人数、原因、影响等各方面进行了详实的研究,并总结了大隧道惨案留下的许多重要的历史启示。
[Abstract]:With the development of the anti-Japanese war situation, the national government moved west to Chongqing, Chongqing became the wartime capital. In order to destroy the rear base of the Chinese War of Resistance against Japan, shake the will of the people in the rear area and force the Chongqing National Government to surrender, on December 2, 1938, Emperor Hirohito of Japan ordered the strategic bombing of Chongqing. In this way, the Japanese capital, Chongqing during the War of Resistance, began a five-and a-half-year strategic bombing. The bombing of Chongqing was one of the bloody atrocities committed by Japanese fascists in China during the Anti-Japanese War. The long time and the number of such bombings shocked the world by causing casualties and property losses. It caused a terrible disaster to the people of Chongqing. Without the power to fight the Japanese in the air, the national government was forced to shift its air-defense focus to passive defense. Using the unique geographical conditions of Chongqing, many negative air defense facilities have been built, such as bomb shelters, large tunnels and so on. With the increasing frequency of Japanese bombing, in order to solve the problem of serious shortage of air raid shelters for urban residents and migrants, the Chongqing Air Defense Command set up the Tunnel Agency on August 1, 1938. In the summer of 1940, Chongqing air defense authorities decided to open the partially communicated tunnel sections ahead of schedule. Since it has not yet been completed, the internal equipment is very simple, the ventilation facilities are inadequate, the air circulation is not smooth, the lighting is full of kerosene wall lamps, and the security risks are serious. On June 5, 1941, at around 6: 00 pm, A sudden air raid alarm rang out over Chongqing. As the attack suddenly made it too late to evacuate, many more people and luggage flocked to the tunnel that day. That night, the enemy used a small number of rounds of bombing, the entire airstrike lasted more than five hours. People who avoid air raids in bomb shelters lack oxygen, people shout, scream, squeeze and trample on each other, and finally suffocate the big tunnel. Since the suffocation tragedy of Chongqing Big Tunnel, there are still divergent opinions on the number of deaths in the tragedy. This paper, through analyzing the capacity of the large tunnel and the survival rate of the tragedy, denies the unrealistic claims of hundreds and tens of thousands of people. Finally, the death toll should be between 1115 and 2000. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the causes of the big tunnel tragedy are various, including the daily fatigue bombing of the night, the lack of safety emergency knowledge of the asylum masses, the construction and management of the large tunnel, the organization of rescue and so on. The tragedy of big tunnel has aroused the attention of many news media at home and abroad. Many social groups and individuals have also voiced their sympathy and concern for the tragedy. The victim's family petitioned the authorities for proper handling of the tragedy. Chongqing Provisional Senate urged the authorities to call for a strict investigation of the case. After the tragedy, the national government investigated and settled the case, strengthened the improvement of air defense facilities such as air-raid shelter and improved the management of air-raid shelter, and achieved certain results. This paper makes a detailed study on the background, course, death toll, cause and influence of the Chongqing Great Tunnel tragedy, and summarizes many important historical revelations left behind by the Great Tunnel tragedy.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K265

【参考文献】