试析中法战争之“乘胜即收”

发布时间：2018-06-28 19:46

本文选题：中法战争 + “乘胜即收”　；参考：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：公元1883年12月至1885年4月,中法之间因为越南问题爆发战争,战争分为两大阶段,第一阶段在越南北部境内,第二阶段进入到中国云南地区,甚至扩大到了中国东南沿海地区。对于中法战争的结局,史学界传统认为“中国不败而败,法国不胜而胜”,而在本文中,笔者通过五个部分的描述,阐述的观点是“乘胜即收”是清政府无奈,但也是相对而言最优的政策。文章的第一部分为前言部分,其中分为三段内容,第一段回顾和总结了过去120年来各位学者对于中法战争“乘胜即收”这一结局的主要看法,列举了认为中国是不败而败的观点,以及认为中法战争“乘胜即收”是比较明智的一些学者的主要观点和分析思路；第二段罗列了本文写作过程中的参考书目,以及研究的思路,主要通过国际关系的视角来进行研究；第三段,陈述了本文研究的创新之处,用了和传统史学界不同的视角,以及对于进一步详述了对中法战争结果的不同评价。文章的第二部分,简要地比较了中国和法国两个国家,阐述了当时中国和法国在经济状况和军事实力上的差距,两国的战场形势,以及当时的政治处境。第三部分阐述了中法两国所面临的不同的国际局势,法国处于欧洲大陆上,面对着英、德等欧洲国家,以及新兴的美国、日本等的支持,而中国则面临着东亚封贡体系的瓦解,以及自身周边边境危机四伏的不安定状态,中国相对来讲,处在比法国更为复杂的国际局势之中。第四部分,考查中国内部统治者政策的出发点,当时在清廷内部分为主战和主和两派,而每一派中又由不同的派别构成,每一个派别出于各自的目的,对中法战争提出了不同的政策,有主张积极应战,不应该“乘胜即收”的,有主张“以战求和”的,他们各自建议的提出都是由不同理由所支持的。通过比较清廷内部官员的政策选择,就更能清楚地看到作为统治阶层中的掌权者,以李鸿章为首,他们不止了解国内的情势,更了解国际局势的变化,所以提出的政策相对更为合理和客观。他们了解到中国并没有长期战斗下去的实力,所以“乘胜即收”可以说是一个无奈,但是相对而言最好的结果。在本文的第五部分,在国际关系理论中,最能确切解释中法战争“乘胜即收”的外交策略的一点是“弱国无外交”,在一个国家实力不足的情况下,是不可能谈平等外交的。笔者要表达的观点是,“乘胜即收”是清政府在当时相对而言最合情合理,也最符合本国利益的一个政策选择,他虽是无奈的,但是也是最优的。
[Abstract]:From December 1883 to April 1885, the war broke out between China and France because of the Vietnam problem. The war was divided into two stages. The first stage was in the northern part of Vietnam, the second stage entered the Yunnan region of China, and even to the southeast coastal areas of China. In this article, the author, through the description of five parts, expounds that "victory or harvest" is the policy that the Qing government is helpless, but also the relatively optimal policy.
The first part of the article is the preface, which is divided into three paragraphs. The first paragraph reviews and summarizes the main views of the scholars in the past 120 years on the "victory or receipt" of the Sino French war, and enumerates the views that China is an undefeated and defeated view, and that the war between China and France is a relatively wise scholar. The second paragraph lists the bibliographies and research ideas in the process of writing, mainly through the perspective of international relations; the third paragraph describes the innovation of this study, uses the different perspectives from the traditional historiography, and further details the results of the Sino French war. The second part of the article briefly compares the two countries of China and France, and expounds the gap between China and France on the economic and military strength, the battlefield situation of the two countries, and the political situation at that time. The third part expounds the different international situation facing China and France, France is in the continent of Europe. In the face of the support of the European countries such as Britain, Germany, and the emerging United States and Japan, China is faced with the collapse of the tribute system in East Asia, as well as the perilous state of instability around its borders. China is relatively in a more complex international situation than France. The fourth part examines the policy of the Chinese rulers. The starting point was divided into the main war and the main and the two schools within the Qing court, and each faction was made up of different factions. Each faction proposed different policies for the Sino French war for its own purpose. By comparing the policy choices of the internal officials of the Qing government, we can see more clearly as the ruler of the ruling class, with Li Hongzhang as the leader, who not only understand the situation at home, but also understand the changes in the international situation, so the policy is more reasonable and objective. They know that China has not long been a long term. In the fifth part of this article, in the theory of international relations, one of the most accurate explanations of the diplomatic strategy of "victory or receipt" in the Sino French war is "the weak country without foreign exchange", and in the case of a country's weak strength. It is possible to talk about equal diplomacy. The author's point of view is that "winning or receiving" is a policy choice that the Qing government is most reasonable at the time and is most in line with its own interests. Although he is helpless, he is also the best.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256.2

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