转型、博弈与政治空间诉求：1928-1933年奉系地方政权研究
发布时间：2018-07-21 17:32
【摘要】：在北洋各大派系中,唯有奉系横跨北洋和国民党两个时期。因此将以体制转型为时代背景的张学良时期的奉系地方政权作为本文的研究对象,具有重要的学术意义。在本文中,笔者以大量档案史料为基础,进行实证,并辅以多学科的研究方法,力求从隐没在故纸堆中的一个个历史碎片中去探寻和还原前人所未曾发现的一些历史面相。在东北易帜前后,企图控制东北的主要有三股政治力量。除了实际控制东北的奉系外,还有试图控制东北的国民党及国民政府,和已经在东北拥有巨大权益的以日苏两国为代表的外国势力。因此在易帜后的东北,实际形成了“国民党、国民政府——奉系——日、苏”这样一个中央与地方、中国与外国的三方关系。在这个三方关系框架下,笔者主要讨论了以下几个问题：一是张学良时期奉系地方政权的运作机制及与东北地方政府的关系。皇姑屯事件后奉系建立了一个以张学良为核心的标榜“主权在民”、“三权分立”等原则,而实际上行“以军代政”、“以军管政”的东北保安政权。易帜后,东北政委会成立,奉系地方政权虽然经历了体制转型,但实际实行的仍是军人专政。而且东北政委会对东北地方政府的控制仍沿用着张作霖时期既有的传统手段,其统治基础并没有松动的迹象。可见奉系仍旧残留着诸多旧军阀的传统与因子,而这种传承的根深蒂固的特性又势必将使国民党的党治体制难于顺利地在东北建立起来。二是奉系地方政权与国民党和国民政府的关系。易帜后的奉系与国民党和国民政府在统一的前提下,维持着“分治合作”的格局。在行政上,即除了形式上的统一外,东北及中原大战后成为奉系地盘的冀察平津等省市仍为奉系实际控制着。在党务上,国奉双方在党权上进行了争夺,使得国民党在东北出现“官党”和“秘党”的双重面相。与此同时,奉系也积极调整与国民党及国民政府的关系,如尽量按照国民政府的法律法规对东北进行改革,以完成去北洋化。三是奉系地方政权的外交权问题及其对日苏外交政策与影响。与东北内政问题始终交织着国民党和日苏等外国势力两方面因素一样,东北外交问题也同样存在国民党、奉系、日苏三方双边关系的矛盾交织。国民政府虽然在为统一外交权而努力,但奉系地方政权始终拥有实际外交权。由于受到国民政府的掣肘,以及在对日和对苏外交问题上所面临的情况不同,使得奉系在是否与何时使用实际外交权的问题上出现摇摆和失误,导致对外关系处理不当,并最终导致奉系苦心经营多年的东北完全丧失,而奉系也开始走向末路。四是“政治分会——政务委员会”制度的形成、发展及其影响。政治分会制度和政务委员会制度均发端于国民党北伐期间,而以东北易帜为契机,政治分会制度被赋予新的生命,与原政务委员会制度融合,形成新的政务委员会制度。至此,“政治分会——政务委员会”制度形成。在北洋时代向国民党时代转变过程中,在国民党由革命党向执政党转变过程中,这一地方政治制度对于国民党稳定地方实力派,建立国民党的正统地位,实现统一和应付华北危局均起到了重要作用。通过本文的研究,笔者发现面对时代转变和体制转型,面对国民党、国民政府以及日苏对东北的不同利益要求,奉系及其地方政权有着强烈的生存空间和政治空间的双重诉求,并在这种要求与诉求的较量与博弈中,奉系及其地方政权不断演变、蜕变,直至走向解体和消亡；而面对国家统一与整合的时代要求,国民党则将政务委员会这一临时性、过渡性的制度最终升格为正式性、常设性的制度,使得南京国民政府时期的中国始终维持着统一的局面。
[Abstract]:In the big Beiyang factions, only the Ministry of worship straddles the northern and the Kuomintang periods in two periods. Therefore, the local regime of the Zhang Xueliang period in the period of the transformation of the system as the background of the times is the research object of this article, which has important academic significance. In this article, the author takes a large number of archival historical materials as the basis, carries out an empirical study, and is supplemented by a multidisciplinary study. The method is to seek and restore some historical faces that have not been found in the historical fragments which are hidden in the old paper pile. In the northeast, there are three major political forces to control the northeast. Besides the actual control of the northeast, there are also the Kuomintang and the national government trying to control the northeast. The northeast of the northeast, which has great rights and interests, is represented by Japan and the Soviet Union. Therefore, in the northeast, the three party relations between the Kuomintang, the national government - the Ministry of worship - Japan, the Soviet Union, China and the foreign countries are actually formed. Under the frame of the three party relations, the author mainly discusses the following questions: 1 It was the operation mechanism of the local regime in the Zhang Xueliang period and the relationship with the northeastern local government. After the Huanggu Tuen incident, the Ministry of worship established a "sovereignty in the people" and "separation of the three powers" with Zhang Xueliang as the core. It will be established, although the local regime has experienced a system transformation, but it is still a military dictatorship, and the control of the northeastern government of the Northeast local government still follows the traditional means of the Zhang Zuolin period, and there are no signs of loosening of its ruling basis. The deep-rooted characteristics of this inheritance will make it difficult for the Kuomintang's party governance system to be successfully established in the northeast. Two is the relationship between the local government and the Kuomintang and the national government. In the form of unity, in the northeast and the Central Plains after the war, the provinces of Hebei and Tianjin, which became the site of the territory of the Ministry of worship, were still in practice. In the party affairs, the two sides scramble for the party power, making the Kuomintang appear the dual face of the "official party" and the "secret party" in the northeast. Meanwhile, the Ministry also actively adjusted the Kuomintang and the Kuomintang and the nationals. The relationship of the government, such as the reform of the Northeast in accordance with the laws and regulations of the national government as far as possible, is to complete the north-east. Three is the issue of the diplomatic power of the local regime and its diplomatic policy and influence on Japan and the Soviet Union. As well as the two factors of the Kuomintang and Japan and the Soviet Union, the problem of northeast diplomacy is the same as that of the Northeast internal affairs. The Kuomintang, the Department of the Kuomintang, the bilateral relations between the Japanese and the Soviet Union are intertwined. Although the national government is trying to unify the diplomatic power, the government has always had the actual diplomatic power. Because of the constraints of the national government and the differences in the diplomatic problems between Japan and the Soviet Union, the government has made the use of the system in and when to use it. The problem of international diplomatic power was swinging and misleading, which led to the improper handling of foreign relations, and eventually led to the complete loss of the northeastern part of the northeastern part of the Department. And the Department began to go to the end. Four was the formation, development and the impact of the "Political Committee - government committee" system. The political branch system and the government committee system were all issued. During the northern expedition of the Kuomintang, the political branch system was given a new life and a new government committee system was conformed with the original government committee system. At this point, the "Political Committee - government committee" system was formed. In the course of the transition from the northern ocean to the people's party, the Kuomintang was from the revolutionary party to the party. In the course of the transformation of the ruling party, the local political system has played an important role in the Kuomintang's stabilization of the local power, the establishment of the orthodox position of the Kuomintang, the realization of the unification of the critical situation in North China and the transition of the times and the transformation of the system to the Kuomintang, the national government and the Japanese and the Soviet Union to the northeast. With the demands of the same interests, the Department and its local regime have a strong dual demand for living space and political space, and in the competition and game of this demand and demand, the Department and its local regime constantly evolve and change, and become disintegrated and disappearing. And the Kuomintang will take the government committee in the face of the time requirements of national unity and integration. This transitional system has finally been upgraded to a formal nature, and the system of standing has made the Chinese government maintain a unified situation in the period of the Nanjing national government.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K263
，
本文编号：2136266
[Abstract]:In the big Beiyang factions, only the Ministry of worship straddles the northern and the Kuomintang periods in two periods. Therefore, the local regime of the Zhang Xueliang period in the period of the transformation of the system as the background of the times is the research object of this article, which has important academic significance. In this article, the author takes a large number of archival historical materials as the basis, carries out an empirical study, and is supplemented by a multidisciplinary study. The method is to seek and restore some historical faces that have not been found in the historical fragments which are hidden in the old paper pile. In the northeast, there are three major political forces to control the northeast. Besides the actual control of the northeast, there are also the Kuomintang and the national government trying to control the northeast. The northeast of the northeast, which has great rights and interests, is represented by Japan and the Soviet Union. Therefore, in the northeast, the three party relations between the Kuomintang, the national government - the Ministry of worship - Japan, the Soviet Union, China and the foreign countries are actually formed. Under the frame of the three party relations, the author mainly discusses the following questions: 1 It was the operation mechanism of the local regime in the Zhang Xueliang period and the relationship with the northeastern local government. After the Huanggu Tuen incident, the Ministry of worship established a "sovereignty in the people" and "separation of the three powers" with Zhang Xueliang as the core. It will be established, although the local regime has experienced a system transformation, but it is still a military dictatorship, and the control of the northeastern government of the Northeast local government still follows the traditional means of the Zhang Zuolin period, and there are no signs of loosening of its ruling basis. The deep-rooted characteristics of this inheritance will make it difficult for the Kuomintang's party governance system to be successfully established in the northeast. Two is the relationship between the local government and the Kuomintang and the national government. In the form of unity, in the northeast and the Central Plains after the war, the provinces of Hebei and Tianjin, which became the site of the territory of the Ministry of worship, were still in practice. In the party affairs, the two sides scramble for the party power, making the Kuomintang appear the dual face of the "official party" and the "secret party" in the northeast. Meanwhile, the Ministry also actively adjusted the Kuomintang and the Kuomintang and the nationals. The relationship of the government, such as the reform of the Northeast in accordance with the laws and regulations of the national government as far as possible, is to complete the north-east. Three is the issue of the diplomatic power of the local regime and its diplomatic policy and influence on Japan and the Soviet Union. As well as the two factors of the Kuomintang and Japan and the Soviet Union, the problem of northeast diplomacy is the same as that of the Northeast internal affairs. The Kuomintang, the Department of the Kuomintang, the bilateral relations between the Japanese and the Soviet Union are intertwined. Although the national government is trying to unify the diplomatic power, the government has always had the actual diplomatic power. Because of the constraints of the national government and the differences in the diplomatic problems between Japan and the Soviet Union, the government has made the use of the system in and when to use it. The problem of international diplomatic power was swinging and misleading, which led to the improper handling of foreign relations, and eventually led to the complete loss of the northeastern part of the northeastern part of the Department. And the Department began to go to the end. Four was the formation, development and the impact of the "Political Committee - government committee" system. The political branch system and the government committee system were all issued. During the northern expedition of the Kuomintang, the political branch system was given a new life and a new government committee system was conformed with the original government committee system. At this point, the "Political Committee - government committee" system was formed. In the course of the transition from the northern ocean to the people's party, the Kuomintang was from the revolutionary party to the party. In the course of the transformation of the ruling party, the local political system has played an important role in the Kuomintang's stabilization of the local power, the establishment of the orthodox position of the Kuomintang, the realization of the unification of the critical situation in North China and the transition of the times and the transformation of the system to the Kuomintang, the national government and the Japanese and the Soviet Union to the northeast. With the demands of the same interests, the Department and its local regime have a strong dual demand for living space and political space, and in the competition and game of this demand and demand, the Department and its local regime constantly evolve and change, and become disintegrated and disappearing. And the Kuomintang will take the government committee in the face of the time requirements of national unity and integration. This transitional system has finally been upgraded to a formal nature, and the system of standing has made the Chinese government maintain a unified situation in the period of the Nanjing national government.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K263
，
本文编号：2136266
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