抗战时期陕甘宁边区农业贷款研究

发布时间：2018-08-08 11:25

【摘要】：抗日战争时期,陕甘宁边区有一项重要的历史使命,即为抗战提供物质支援,因此,毛泽东提出“发展经济,保障供给”的总方针。由于边区经济是以农业为主的,而且粮食、布棉、盐这些重要的抗战物资都得依靠农业生产来提供,所以发展边区经济要以发展农业生产为中心。边区农业发展虽然具备政府高度重视、耕地资源和劳动力资源充足等有利条件,但是存在农村金融枯竭、农民生产资金极度缺乏、农民“不患无地可耕,而患无力可耕”的严重问题。陕甘宁边区政府高度重视,并采取了一系列发放农业贷款的措施,解决了农业发展和农民生产对资金的需求问题。为使边区农贷的发放制度化、规范化,边区政府和边区银行出台了《农业贷款暂行章程》、《陕甘宁边区农业贷款章程》、《陕甘宁边区三十二年度农贷实施办法》等一系列政策和法规,保障农业贷款工作的有序进行。农业贷款数额较大,据不完全统计:1941年发放农贷数额为23.5万元,1942年增至800万元, 1943年发放2780万元(不包含给机关发放的920万元农贷),1944年发放1亿元,1945年增加至5.99亿元。而且政府发放的农业贷款种类非常齐全,按照贷款用途主要分为耕牛贷款、农具贷款、青苗贷款、植棉贷款、纺织贷款、养蚕贷款、种籽贷款、农田水利贷款8个种类。因为边区农贷以迅速求得实效,快速增加粮棉产量为前提,所以边区的农贷是以耕牛、农具、青苗、植棉贷款为主,以纺织、养蚕等农村副业贷款为辅的,因此各类贷款发放的比例也是不同的。以1942年农贷为例,耕牛农具贷款占39.1㳠,青苗贷款占28.5㳠,植棉贷款占23.5㳠,纺织等副业贷款占8.9㳠。因农贷在边区尚属首创,缺乏必要的经验,所以发放过程中难免出现一些问题。比如贷款手续复杂,要写《贷款申请书》、平均主义思想、干部徇私舞弊。随着这些问题的暴露,中共中央和陕甘宁边区政府也不断的改进和完善贷款政策和放款方法,并对贷款进行监督和检查。陕甘宁边区银行专门制定奖惩条例,对违反农贷章程的人,予以严厉处罚。从农贷的实施过程中,可以看出边区农贷具有以下五个特征:第一,农贷以贫苦农民为主要贷放对象,并且把贫苦移难民也纳入农贷的对象中,且发放的数额较大,种类更齐全;第二,农业贷款与生产互助运动积极配合;第三,农贷低利甚至无息发放,困难借户可酌情分期或延期归还贷款;第四,实行实物贷款;第五,农业贷款与农民自筹资金相结合。边区农业贷款的实施,主要有以下四个作用:第一,解决了农民的生产困难,使边区农民“不仅有地可耕,而且有力可耕”,提高了农民的生产积极性,促进了边区农业的发展;第二,农贷使边区的金融事业扎根农村,服务农民,既发展了边区农村经济、活跃了农村金融、打击了高利贷对农民的剥削,又提高了边币的信用、稳定了物价、巩固了边区的金融事业;第三,陕甘宁边区政府在外有日军侵略、内有国民党封锁、自身经费又极为困窘的情况下,还为农民提供低息乃至无息的农业贷款,而且把最贫穷的移难民同胞也纳入到了农贷的对象里,并且农贷不以信用为前提,而以发展生产为目的,这极大地提高了中共中央和陕甘宁边区政府的威信,使广大农民和移难民踊跃参军参战,为保卫边区和支援抗日战争做出了重大的贡献;第四,农贷使边区农村的阶级结构发生了一定变化,主要表现在“雇农几乎全部变成自耕农,大量贫农向中农转变”。
[Abstract]:During the Anti Japanese War, the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region has an important historical mission, which provides material support for the war of resistance. Therefore, Mao Zedong put forward the general policy of "developing economy and ensuring supply". Because the border region economy is based on agriculture, and the important anti war materials such as grain, cotton and salt have to be supplied by agricultural production. The border region economy should focus on the development of agricultural production. Although the agricultural development in the border area is highly valued by the government, the plentiful resources of cultivated land and the abundant labor resources are favorable, there is a serious problem of rural financial exhaustion, the extreme lack of farmers' production funds, the peasants' "no land can be ploughed without land, and the inability to plow the ploughing". A series of measures for granting agricultural loans have been taken to solve the problem of fund demand for agricultural development and peasant production.
In order to institutionalize and standardize the issuance of agricultural loans in the border areas, the border governments and border banks have issued a series of policies and regulations, such as the Provisional Regulations for agricultural loans, the agricultural loan articles of association of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region, the implementation of agricultural loans in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region in thirty-two, and a series of policies and regulations to ensure the orderly conduct of agricultural loan workers. Full statistics: in 1941, the amount of agricultural loans was 235 thousand yuan, in 1942 to 8 million yuan, in 1943, 27 million 800 thousand yuan (excluding 9 million 200 thousand yuan loan to the government), 100 million yuan in 1944, and 599 million yuan in 1945. And the government issued a very complete variety of agricultural loans, according to the use of loans, mainly divided into farm cattle loans, farm implements loans, There are 8 kinds of loan, cotton planting loan, textile loan, silkworm loan, seed loan, and farmland water conservancy loan. Because the rural loan in the border area is quick to get the actual effect and increases the grain and cotton production quickly, the agricultural loan in the border area is mainly based on the farm cattle, agricultural tools, green seedlings and cotton planting loans, supplemented by the rural sideline loans such as textile and silkworm raising, so all kinds of loans are used. The proportion of the payment is also different. Taking the 1942 agricultural loan as an example, 39.1 of the farm implements loan for cattle, 28.5 of the green seedling loan, 23.5 for the cotton plant loan, 8.9 for the textile and other sideline loans. Because the loan in the border area is the first and lack of the necessary experience, there are some problems in the process. For example, the loan procedure is complicated, the loan application is written. With the exposure of these problems, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region government also continuously improve and improve the loan policies and methods of lending, and supervise and inspect the loans. The Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region bank has specially formulated the regulations for rewards and punishment and severely punished those who violated the peasant loan regulations.
From the implementation process of agricultural loans, we can see the following five characteristics: first, the agricultural loan is the main object of the poor farmers, and the poor shift the refugees into the object of agricultural loans, and the amount is larger and the variety is more complete; second, the agricultural loan and the production mutual assistance movement actively cooperate; third, the low interest of agricultural loan or even the loan. Without interest rates, the borrowers may be able to pay their loans in stages or delays, fourth, fifth, the combination of agricultural loans and farmers' self financing. The implementation of agricultural loans in the border areas has the following four roles: first, the farmers' production difficulties are solved and the farmers in the border areas are "not only ploughed, but also powerful and ploughable". The farmers' enthusiasm for production promoted the development of agriculture in the border areas; second, the agricultural loans made the financial undertakings in the border areas to take root in the rural areas and serve the farmers, not only to develop the rural economy in the border areas, to make the rural finance active, to attack the exploitation of the farmers by usury, to improve the credit of the border currency, to stabilize the prices and to consolidate the financial undertakings in the border areas; and third, Shaanxi Province. The government of the Gansu Ningxia border region has the Japanese aggression, the blockade of the Kuomintang, and the embarrassment of its own funds. It also provides farmers with low interest and even interest free agricultural loans. Moreover, the poorest compatriots have been brought into the object of agricultural loans, and the agricultural loans are not used as the premise, and the purpose of developing production is very great. The prestige of the government of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region was raised, and the large numbers of farmers and refugees were actively joined in the war to protect the border areas and to support the war of resistance against Japan. Fourth, the agricultural loans made certain changes in the class structure of the rural areas in the border areas, mainly in the "almost all of the farm labourers" and "the poor peasants". Agriculture changes.
【学位授予单位】：延安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265

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