晚清时期安庆教案研究
发布时间：2018-08-12 20:52
【摘要】：晚清时期,随着外国势力逐渐深入中国,引发出不少中外的矛盾与冲突。在诸多的矛盾与冲突之中,因西方传教士在中国的传教活动而引发的教案,为中外交往中矛盾的主要表现。安庆教案即是其中一例。安庆教案的发生由多种因素造成。其中,地方官对传教活动的抵制是造成教案爆发的最主要原因。在安庆教案爆发之后,英法出于维护自身利益的需要,对如何处理教案问题,也持不同态度。法国企图用传教手段来扩大在华的影响力,因此特别注重保护传教士在华的利益。英国则反对在教案问题上对清政府逼迫太甚,否则将会损害英国在华商业上的利益。清政府在教案发生后,往往只能运用羁縻的手段应对。在执行的过程之中,又经常以故意拖延为策略,以继续抵制传教活动。这是教案频繁发生并且规模越来越大的原因所在。论文主要分为三个部分进行论述。第一部分论述天主教传教士在安徽的传教活动、传教策略以及地方官员的应对。传教活动在安徽的开展,主要得益于清代的传教基础以及法国对传教活动的保护。传教士对安庆的传教活动在整个安徽看来并不占主要地位,安庆传教据点的建立,一方面是作为安徽其他传教地点的中转站而存在,另一方面则是希望传教活动能够得到官府的认可。因此,其象征意义大于实际意义。地方官员出于维护保持地方秩序稳定以及官府威权的需要,持续抵制传教活动在安徽的开展。为此,地方官员对传教活动作出种种限制,但最终都以失败告终。而传教士对传教活动所持的强势态度,最终导致对传教士的驱逐事件,成为安庆教案的先声。第二部分主要论述士绅反教的原因及其反教策略,官府在安庆教案当中所处的地位以及作用。作为深受儒家文化熏陶的士绅,对传教活动的反对大部分来自传统儒家之中"夷夏"观念,并因此而制造出种种谣言与揭帖。在安庆教案中,士绅特意挑选了考试之期作为反教的最佳时期。为尽量避免事件发生之后,列强对官府提出一些"无厌之求",地方官也作出了与传教士沟通的尝试。然而,在事件发生的过程中,地方官员的相互推卸拖延,是导致事件影响扩大的直接原因。在事件发生之后,地方官又声称民众强烈反对传教士再来,以期达到驱逐传教士的目的。可见,地方官员抵制传教活动的心态仍然没有改变。第三部分主要论述的问题是,为妥善解决安庆教案,英法两国态度的不同以及官府所采取的应对措施。在安庆教案发生之后,英国的态度较为温和而法国的态度较为强硬。其中,法国希望通过传教活动加强对华的影响力,而英国为保障其对华贸易而采取保守态度。官府在安庆教案发生之后,迫于法国强大的军事压力,不得不先对法国作出羁縻的手段,以期探求法国公使的真正意图。在实施羁縻政策的同时,清政府也从传教士入手,对其剖陈利害,希望得到传教士的理解。在此基础上,地方政府尽力维护自身权益。最后,在对谈判条件的执行过程中,地方政府往往出于维护地方利益的角度而采取拖延策略,因传教而引起的矛盾并未得到彻底解决。总的来看,围绕传教活动,官府、士绅、传教士以及外国公使都从维护自身的利益出发作出了不同的策略选择。其中,晚清政府自身的旧有机制并不能适应新的时代变化,是教案始终难以消弭的重要原因。以乡土社会中处理人际关系的手段去应对近代化社会当中的权责关系,就难免显得格格不入。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the gradual penetration of foreign forces into China, many contradictions and conflicts arose between China and foreign countries. Among these contradictions and conflicts, the missionary cases caused by Western missionaries'missionary activities in China were the main manifestations of the contradictions between China and foreign countries. After the outbreak of the Church Case in Anqing, Britain and France, in order to safeguard their own interests, held different attitudes towards how to deal with the issue of the Church Case. Britain objected to persecuting the Qing government too much on the issue of the missionary case, otherwise it would damage the commercial interests of Britain in China. The first part discusses the missionary activities of Catholic missionaries in Anhui, the strategies of missionary activities and the response of local officials. The establishment of Anqing missionary strongholds, on the one hand, as a transit station for other missionary sites in Anhui Province, and on the other hand, in the hope that the missionary activities will be recognized by the government. Therefore, its symbolic significance is greater than the actual significance. Local officials in order to maintain local order and stability. Local officials made various restrictions on missionary activities, but all ended in failure. The strong attitude of missionaries towards missionary activities eventually led to the expulsion of missionaries, which became the forerunner of the Anqing missionary case. As a gentleman deeply influenced by Confucian culture, his opposition to missionary activities came mostly from the traditional Confucian concept of "Yi Xia" and thus created a variety of rumors and revelations. As the best time for anti-religion, in order to avoid the occurrence of the incident, the powers put forward some "tireless demands" to the government, and the local officials also made attempts to communicate with the missionaries. However, in the course of the incident, the local officials'delays in passing on each other were the direct reasons for the expansion of the impact of the incident. Claiming that the people strongly opposed the missionaries'return in order to expel the missionaries, it can be seen that the attitude of local officials to resist missionary activities has not changed. The British attitude was milder and the French attitude was tougher. France hoped to strengthen its influence on China through missionary activities, while Britain adopted a conservative attitude to protect its trade with China. At the same time, the Qing government began to dissect the interests of the missionaries, hoping to get the understanding of the missionaries. On this basis, the local government tried to safeguard their own rights and interests. Finally, in the implementation of the negotiation conditions, the local government often took measures to safeguard local interests. Generally speaking, around the missionary activities, the government, gentry, missionaries and foreign ministers have made different strategic choices in order to safeguard their own interests. It is unavoidable that dealing with the power-responsibility relationship in modern society by means of dealing with interpersonal relationship in rural society is out of place.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252
本文编号：2180333
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, with the gradual penetration of foreign forces into China, many contradictions and conflicts arose between China and foreign countries. Among these contradictions and conflicts, the missionary cases caused by Western missionaries'missionary activities in China were the main manifestations of the contradictions between China and foreign countries. After the outbreak of the Church Case in Anqing, Britain and France, in order to safeguard their own interests, held different attitudes towards how to deal with the issue of the Church Case. Britain objected to persecuting the Qing government too much on the issue of the missionary case, otherwise it would damage the commercial interests of Britain in China. The first part discusses the missionary activities of Catholic missionaries in Anhui, the strategies of missionary activities and the response of local officials. The establishment of Anqing missionary strongholds, on the one hand, as a transit station for other missionary sites in Anhui Province, and on the other hand, in the hope that the missionary activities will be recognized by the government. Therefore, its symbolic significance is greater than the actual significance. Local officials in order to maintain local order and stability. Local officials made various restrictions on missionary activities, but all ended in failure. The strong attitude of missionaries towards missionary activities eventually led to the expulsion of missionaries, which became the forerunner of the Anqing missionary case. As a gentleman deeply influenced by Confucian culture, his opposition to missionary activities came mostly from the traditional Confucian concept of "Yi Xia" and thus created a variety of rumors and revelations. As the best time for anti-religion, in order to avoid the occurrence of the incident, the powers put forward some "tireless demands" to the government, and the local officials also made attempts to communicate with the missionaries. However, in the course of the incident, the local officials'delays in passing on each other were the direct reasons for the expansion of the impact of the incident. Claiming that the people strongly opposed the missionaries'return in order to expel the missionaries, it can be seen that the attitude of local officials to resist missionary activities has not changed. The British attitude was milder and the French attitude was tougher. France hoped to strengthen its influence on China through missionary activities, while Britain adopted a conservative attitude to protect its trade with China. At the same time, the Qing government began to dissect the interests of the missionaries, hoping to get the understanding of the missionaries. On this basis, the local government tried to safeguard their own rights and interests. Finally, in the implementation of the negotiation conditions, the local government often took measures to safeguard local interests. Generally speaking, around the missionary activities, the government, gentry, missionaries and foreign ministers have made different strategic choices in order to safeguard their own interests. It is unavoidable that dealing with the power-responsibility relationship in modern society by means of dealing with interpersonal relationship in rural society is out of place.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K252
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