民国时期新疆乡约制度研究
发布时间：2018-08-21 14:12
【摘要】：中国历史上,乡约形成于北宋时期的《吕氏乡约》,明代时得到官府的提倡,在清代得到官府的普遍推广。乡约在最初之际,是中国基层社会中在某一特定地域、特定人群、特定时间内社会成员共同制订、共同遵守的自治性行为规范、组织、制度的总称,亦称之为“乡规民约”。如在《中国大百科全书》中就将“乡规民约”解释为“中国基层社会组织中社会成员共同制订的一种社会行为规范,又称乡约”①。随着历史的发展,乡约得到历朝历代统治者的提倡和推广,其内涵也在不断地充实和扩展,不再单单指乡规民约。 对于乡约的内涵,学界多有述论。如段自成先生就把乡约概括为四种含义②,其一指的是乡规民约;其二是指宣讲活动,即各乡约在“每月朔望讲读圣谕或乡规民约的活动”;其三指乡约长、约长、约正;其四为民众推举并经官府许可或根据官府的强制,依照地缘或其他关系组织组织起来的基层社会组织。而本文研究民国时期新疆的乡约定义为第四种。 新疆乡约相比之内地则出现相对较晚,在乾隆时期随着内地移民屯田的浪潮被引入到新疆。新疆建省后,清政府对新疆政治体制实施大范围的调整,乡约以其灵活的组织形式及日益强化的管理职能,成为了清政府取代伯克制的重要举措,适应了新疆特殊的社会、人文和地理环境,从而得到普遍推广。 本文共分五部分来研究民国时期新疆的乡约制度。第一部分阐述了民国时期新疆乡约的推行情况。本部分首先叙述了新疆乡约推行普及的原因,通过分析来探究官府推行乡约的动机和目的。第二部分从乡约的组织方式、乡约的选任及任期年限和收入等几个方面来论述民国时期新疆乡约的组织形式。第三部分通过对新疆乡约的催科、稽查和基层司法等几个方面来论述新疆乡约的综合化管理职能。第四部分则主要分析在新疆特殊的社会、人文及地理环境下,新疆乡约呈现出与内地乡约不同的独特明显的地域性特征。第五部分则通过对民国时期新疆乡约的发展脉络,探究乡约制度对这一时期新疆社会的影响。
[Abstract]:In the history of China, the township covenant was formed in the Northern Song Dynasty and was advocated by the government in the Ming Dynasty and popularized by the government in the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the village agreement, it is the general name of the autonomous behavior code, organization and system in a certain area, a specific group and a certain time for the social members to formulate and abide by in a certain area, a specific population, and a specific time in China, which is also called "the Rural regulations of the people". For example, in the "Encyclopedia of China", the "Rural regulations" is interpreted as "a social behavior norm made jointly by the social members of the grassroots social organizations in China, also known as the Rural Convention". With the development of history, the rural covenant has been advocated and popularized by the rulers of successive dynasties, and its connotation has been constantly enriched and expanded. As to the connotation of rural covenant, there are many theories in academic circles. If Mr. Duan Zicheng generalizes the rural covenant into four meanings, 2, one refers to the rural people's covenant; the other is to the propaganda activities, that is, the activities of each township about "reading the holy oracle or the villagers' covenant every month"; the third refers to the length of the rural covenant, which is about right; The fourth is a grassroots social organization organized according to geographical or other relations with the permission of the government or according to the compulsion of the government. In this paper, the definition of rural covenant in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China is the fourth. Compared with the rural areas in Xinjiang, Xinjiang was introduced to Xinjiang in Qianlong period. After the establishment of Xinjiang Province, the Qing government carried out a large-scale adjustment to Xinjiang's political system. With its flexible organizational form and increasingly strengthened management functions, the township government became an important measure for the Qing government to replace Bo's restraint, and adapted to the special society in Xinjiang. Humane and geographical environment, thus get universal promotion. This paper is divided into five parts to study the rural contract system in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China. The first part expounds the implementation of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the period of the Republic of China. This part first narrates the reason of popularizing the rural covenant in Xinjiang, and probes into the motive and purpose of the government to carry out the rural contract through the analysis. The second part discusses the organization form of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the Republic of China period from the following aspects: the organization way of the rural contract, the election of the township contract, the term of office and the income. The third part discusses the comprehensive management function of Xinjiang township treaty through several aspects, such as promoting the section, checking and judicial at the grass-roots level. The fourth part mainly analyzes the special social, humanistic and geographical environment in Xinjiang. The fifth part explores the influence of rural contract system on Xinjiang society in the period of the Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258
本文编号：2195996
[Abstract]:In the history of China, the township covenant was formed in the Northern Song Dynasty and was advocated by the government in the Ming Dynasty and popularized by the government in the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the village agreement, it is the general name of the autonomous behavior code, organization and system in a certain area, a specific group and a certain time for the social members to formulate and abide by in a certain area, a specific population, and a specific time in China, which is also called "the Rural regulations of the people". For example, in the "Encyclopedia of China", the "Rural regulations" is interpreted as "a social behavior norm made jointly by the social members of the grassroots social organizations in China, also known as the Rural Convention". With the development of history, the rural covenant has been advocated and popularized by the rulers of successive dynasties, and its connotation has been constantly enriched and expanded. As to the connotation of rural covenant, there are many theories in academic circles. If Mr. Duan Zicheng generalizes the rural covenant into four meanings, 2, one refers to the rural people's covenant; the other is to the propaganda activities, that is, the activities of each township about "reading the holy oracle or the villagers' covenant every month"; the third refers to the length of the rural covenant, which is about right; The fourth is a grassroots social organization organized according to geographical or other relations with the permission of the government or according to the compulsion of the government. In this paper, the definition of rural covenant in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China is the fourth. Compared with the rural areas in Xinjiang, Xinjiang was introduced to Xinjiang in Qianlong period. After the establishment of Xinjiang Province, the Qing government carried out a large-scale adjustment to Xinjiang's political system. With its flexible organizational form and increasingly strengthened management functions, the township government became an important measure for the Qing government to replace Bo's restraint, and adapted to the special society in Xinjiang. Humane and geographical environment, thus get universal promotion. This paper is divided into five parts to study the rural contract system in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China. The first part expounds the implementation of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the period of the Republic of China. This part first narrates the reason of popularizing the rural covenant in Xinjiang, and probes into the motive and purpose of the government to carry out the rural contract through the analysis. The second part discusses the organization form of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the Republic of China period from the following aspects: the organization way of the rural contract, the election of the township contract, the term of office and the income. The third part discusses the comprehensive management function of Xinjiang township treaty through several aspects, such as promoting the section, checking and judicial at the grass-roots level. The fourth part mainly analyzes the special social, humanistic and geographical environment in Xinjiang. The fifth part explores the influence of rural contract system on Xinjiang society in the period of the Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前10条
1 丁立军;;清代伯克制的废除与新疆政治中心的转移[J];黑龙江民族丛刊;2009年02期
2 杨建宏;《吕氏乡约》与宋代民间社会控制[J];湖南师范大学社会科学学报;2005年05期
3 郑峰;杨增新治新时期的南疆乡约[J];喀什师范学院学报;2001年02期
4 ;乾隆年间徙民屯垦新疆史料[J];历史档案;2002年03期
5 段自成;论清代北方里甲催科向乡约催科的转变[J];青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版);2005年06期
6 段自成;清末民初新疆乡约的特点[J];清史研究;2004年04期
7 段自成;;论清代北方乡约首事选任条件的演变[J];石家庄学院学报;2008年05期
8 杨军;;浅议清代新疆乡约制度创设及司法职能[J];思想战线;2008年06期
9 郑峰;评杨增新治新时期的民族政策[J];西北第二民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版);2003年01期
10 何荣;;试论杨增新时期新疆乡约的特点[J];新疆大学学报(哲学人文社会科学版);2008年03期
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 盛岚;民国时期新疆城镇发展研究[D];新疆大学;2007年
2 石向焘;民国时期新疆基层政权研究[D];新疆大学;2008年
，本文编号：2195996
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/zgjxds/2195996.html
