民国关中市场研究
发布时间：2018-08-24 14:06
【摘要】：本文选取关中为研究的切入点,主要研究内容为市场的发展演变和时空分布。对于市场的研究,一直是我国经济史学家研究的主要对象,但大多数学者把目光集中在江南地区,时间多框定在明清时期,其间虽有零星的研究专著和论文涉及西北地区,但大都从宏观上予以把握和分析,缺少对区域内部差异的考察,同时忽视了对地理因素的考虑,陕西亦不例外。而这些恰好是我们历史地理学研究者的特长,能将地理因素和空间概念运用于研究之中,并充分考虑不同地理环境下人口、经济、交通等因子的作用,如此,便是这篇文章不同之处。 至于时间的界定,主要是因为民国时期是陕西乃至整个西北地区市场近现代化转型的关键时期,社会经济各方面都朝着现代化的方向进步,因此选择这样一个时代,具有很强的典型性。 就关中地区市场发展的历程来看,表现出了明显的时段差异性。在其影响因素中以关中十八年大饥馑,陇海铁路的修达和抗日战争的爆发为最重要,而且以后者影响关中市场发展更甚。总体而言,民国早期的商业发展基本上是清末的沿袭和继承,大灾荒的出现和持续打断了这一进程,不仅延缓了社会发展的整体进程,而且也给本地商业和市场发展造成了沉重的打击,社会各项事业进入萧条期,各行各业,亟待振兴!而陇海铁路的通达,显得恰逢其时。这种新式交通工具的出现,使得关中大地再次活跃起来,各地商业均得到不同程度的发展。迨抗战军兴,东部省份大多沦陷,大量工厂纷纷内迁,技术和资金均呈暴增之势,陕西得此部分优势,商业和社会发展均进入短暂繁荣时期。 对于关中地区市场空间分布格局及其总体特征的归纳亦是本文的重点之一民国时期,由于陇海铁路的引进,彻底改变了原来的点状分布模式,变成了以铁路沿线分布的线状分布格局。毫无疑问,这主要是由于铁路这种新式交通工具对于周边地区的巨大辐射和带动作用所造成的。 本文对于各地市场发育的水平也试图作出分析。通过研究我们可以发现,西安为陕西境内最大的跨省域市场,其货物中转的功能在整个民国时期亦有不断加强之趋势。宝鸡在抗战之后迅速成长为仅次于西安的省内第二大市场,这是民国时期关中市场发展过程中最大的亮点所在,影响力虽不及西安,但仍算得上一跨省域市场,因为它把甘肃、四川、陕南以及关中等地紧密的联系起来。至于三原,其间虽经波折,但基本上扮演者渭北平原的区域性市场的角色。咸阳和渭南的地位差不多,前者为关中西部地区最重要的棉花集散市场,而经过发展的渭南,亦担当起关中东部区域市场的重任。泾阳的地位较之清代而言,因传统行业的相继衰落,已不可同日而语,究其原因,主要在于远离陇海铁路,现代化因素输入无多所致。 研究市场的发展,需要以研究商品交换和物资流为基础,反过来说,脱离商品流通、交换、运输而大谈市场发展变迁,显然是不可取的。本文在吸取经验教训基础之上,尝试对民国时期关中地区的商品流通作出肤浅的探索。通过复原,我们发现,民国时期关中地区输出货物几乎全为农产品,输入货物则主要是工业制成品。此种局面的出现,主要是由于陕西工业不发达所造成,并非关中人民不知获利也! 另外,像民国这样一个现代化转型的关键时期,社会各方面都朝着现代化的方向进步,市场在这样的环境中,也出现了许多新的动向和新的因素,这些新因素和动向的综合作用,促使本地商品生产效率和产品竞争力的逐步提升,进而使得关中地区的市场逐步趋于现代化。这是历史发展的必然,也是市场现代化的自身要求。与此同时,战争造成的相对封闭环境下,一些不良经济现象趋于明显,这些问题不但棘手而且非市场本身和政府政策所能调节也,至少在民国时期战争环境中是无法得到解决的。因为工商业经济是外向型经济,所以这种封闭环境的持续,对于市场势必会起到阻碍作用。当然,也正是由于这些弊端的存在,为完善市场体系和下一步的发展规划,指明了方向。
[Abstract]:This paper chooses Guanzhong as the starting point of the study, and the main research contents are the development and evolution of the market and its temporal and spatial distribution.The study of the market has always been the main object of the study of Chinese economic historians, but most scholars focus on the south of the Yangtze River, and the time is mostly framed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Shaanxi is no exception, but most of them are macroscopically grasped and analyzed, lacking the investigation of regional differences and ignoring the consideration of geographical factors. These are the specialties of the researchers of historical geography, who can apply geographical factors and spatial concepts to the study and fully consider different geographical rings. The role of factors such as population, economy, transportation and so on is the difference between this article.
As for the definition of time, it is mainly because the period of the Republic of China is the key period of the market modernization transformation in Shaanxi and even the whole northwest region, and all aspects of social economy are progressing toward modernization. Therefore, choosing such an era has a strong typicality.
In terms of the course of market development in Guanzhong area, there are obvious time differences. Among the influencing factors, the famine of 18 years in Guanzhong, the construction of Longhai Railway and the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War are the most important, and the latter affects the development of the market in Guanzhong even more. Inheritance and inheritance, the emergence and continued interruption of the Great Famine not only delayed the overall process of social development, but also to the local business and market development caused a heavy blow, all social undertakings into a depression, all walks of life, urgently need to be revitalized! With the rise of the Anti-Japanese War, most of the eastern provinces were occupied, a large number of factories moved inward, and the technology and capital increased sharply. Shaanxi gained this part of the advantage, and commercial and social development entered a short period of prosperity.
In the period of the Republic of China, the introduction of the Longhai Railway completely changed the original point-like distribution pattern and changed it into a linear distribution pattern along the railways. The huge radiation and driving effect of the surrounding area.
We can find that Xi'an is the largest inter-provincial market in Shaanxi, and the function of goods transfer has been strengthened throughout the period of the Republic of China. The biggest bright spot in the development of Guanzhong market is that its influence is inferior to Xi'an, but it is still a cross-provincial market because it connects Gansu, Sichuan, Southern Shaanxi and Guanzhong closely. The former is the most important cotton distribution market in the central and western regions of Guanxi, and the developed Weinan also plays an important role in the central and eastern regional market. Not much.
To study the development of the market, it is necessary to base on the study of commodity exchange and material flow. On the contrary, it is obviously not advisable to talk about the development and changes of the market without commodity circulation, exchange and transportation. Now, in the period of the Republic of China, almost all the goods exported from Guanzhong were agricultural products, while the imported goods were mainly manufactured goods. This situation was mainly due to the underdevelopment of Shaanxi industry, not because the people of Guanzhong did not know how to profit.
In addition, in a critical period of modernization, such as the Republic of China, all aspects of society have made progress towards modernization. In such an environment, many new trends and new factors have emerged in the market. The comprehensive effect of these new factors and trends has promoted the local commodity production efficiency and product competitiveness gradually, thus enabling the local commodity production efficiency and product competitiveness to be gradually improved. At the same time, under the relatively closed environment caused by the war, some undesirable economic phenomena tend to be obvious. These problems are not only difficult but also can not be regulated by the market itself and government policies, at least during the war of the Republic of China. Because the industrial and commercial economy is an export-oriented economy, the sustainability of this closed environment will inevitably hinder the market. Of course, it is precisely because of these shortcomings that point out the direction for perfecting the market system and further development planning.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258
本文编号：2201055
[Abstract]:This paper chooses Guanzhong as the starting point of the study, and the main research contents are the development and evolution of the market and its temporal and spatial distribution.The study of the market has always been the main object of the study of Chinese economic historians, but most scholars focus on the south of the Yangtze River, and the time is mostly framed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Shaanxi is no exception, but most of them are macroscopically grasped and analyzed, lacking the investigation of regional differences and ignoring the consideration of geographical factors. These are the specialties of the researchers of historical geography, who can apply geographical factors and spatial concepts to the study and fully consider different geographical rings. The role of factors such as population, economy, transportation and so on is the difference between this article.
As for the definition of time, it is mainly because the period of the Republic of China is the key period of the market modernization transformation in Shaanxi and even the whole northwest region, and all aspects of social economy are progressing toward modernization. Therefore, choosing such an era has a strong typicality.
In terms of the course of market development in Guanzhong area, there are obvious time differences. Among the influencing factors, the famine of 18 years in Guanzhong, the construction of Longhai Railway and the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War are the most important, and the latter affects the development of the market in Guanzhong even more. Inheritance and inheritance, the emergence and continued interruption of the Great Famine not only delayed the overall process of social development, but also to the local business and market development caused a heavy blow, all social undertakings into a depression, all walks of life, urgently need to be revitalized! With the rise of the Anti-Japanese War, most of the eastern provinces were occupied, a large number of factories moved inward, and the technology and capital increased sharply. Shaanxi gained this part of the advantage, and commercial and social development entered a short period of prosperity.
In the period of the Republic of China, the introduction of the Longhai Railway completely changed the original point-like distribution pattern and changed it into a linear distribution pattern along the railways. The huge radiation and driving effect of the surrounding area.
We can find that Xi'an is the largest inter-provincial market in Shaanxi, and the function of goods transfer has been strengthened throughout the period of the Republic of China. The biggest bright spot in the development of Guanzhong market is that its influence is inferior to Xi'an, but it is still a cross-provincial market because it connects Gansu, Sichuan, Southern Shaanxi and Guanzhong closely. The former is the most important cotton distribution market in the central and western regions of Guanxi, and the developed Weinan also plays an important role in the central and eastern regional market. Not much.
To study the development of the market, it is necessary to base on the study of commodity exchange and material flow. On the contrary, it is obviously not advisable to talk about the development and changes of the market without commodity circulation, exchange and transportation. Now, in the period of the Republic of China, almost all the goods exported from Guanzhong were agricultural products, while the imported goods were mainly manufactured goods. This situation was mainly due to the underdevelopment of Shaanxi industry, not because the people of Guanzhong did not know how to profit.
In addition, in a critical period of modernization, such as the Republic of China, all aspects of society have made progress towards modernization. In such an environment, many new trends and new factors have emerged in the market. The comprehensive effect of these new factors and trends has promoted the local commodity production efficiency and product competitiveness gradually, thus enabling the local commodity production efficiency and product competitiveness to be gradually improved. At the same time, under the relatively closed environment caused by the war, some undesirable economic phenomena tend to be obvious. These problems are not only difficult but also can not be regulated by the market itself and government policies, at least during the war of the Republic of China. Because the industrial and commercial economy is an export-oriented economy, the sustainability of this closed environment will inevitably hinder the market. Of course, it is precisely because of these shortcomings that point out the direction for perfecting the market system and further development planning.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258
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