民国宪法在新疆的实践研究

发布时间：2018-08-26 20:47

【摘要】：新疆自古以来就是中国的西陲,是一个多民族、多宗教并存的边防要地,东西方民族和文化在这里交汇。与其他边疆相比,其更有特殊性和重要性。新疆占中国陆地总面积六分之一,占边界线总长度四分之一,涵盖了许多对国家而言极为重要和关键的因素:西部边疆、少数民族聚居、各种资源丰富、地域辽阔,因此其法制现代化的推行与深化有着非同寻常的多重意义。尤其是新疆“7·5”事件后,对宪法在新疆地方的适用研究不仅有深厚的学理意义,而且在实践中有着紧迫的现实需要。因此研究前人维护边疆稳定与安全的治理经验,把握新疆近代政治的特点,深化我们对新疆特殊性的认识,为更好的贯彻实施民族区域自治的地方宪政安排,加快新疆民族地区的立法活动,促进边疆治理的法治化,维护国家边疆稳定有着重要的现实意义。本文主要研究民国时期即1912年至1949年之间,新疆由传统社会迈向近代化过程中宪法在新疆地方的实施情况,对民国时期新疆地方政治宪法化走向及影响其发展的各种因素,进行了梳理、总结与评价,在此基础上,试图总结出民国宪法对新疆地方政治民主化影响的路径,揭示新疆是如何最终走向民族区域自治道路的。最终在总结历史经验的基础上,得出对当下新疆地方宪政建设、发展的重要启示。本文认为,民国时期宪法在新疆地方的实践过程是在曲折和艰难中前行的,其受到的影响因素是众多的,如新疆地方与中央关系之演变、军阀割据的影响、传统的中央集权观念、帝国主义的干涉与侵略、地域主义、国内外政治形势、民族宗教关系、政党制度、西方观念等方面。其中对宪法在新疆地方实施影响最大的是:新疆地方与中央关系之演变、帝国主义的干涉与侵略、民族宗教关系等方面。本文共分以下几个部分: 导论部分,主要是对论文的选题目的与意义进行了论述,对目前国内外学界的研究动态进行了梳理,并从总体上对论文的研究径路与篇章架构做了介绍。第一章主要从近代中国社会的变革出发,介绍了清末民初宪法在新疆地方实施的时代背景。作为中国的一个边疆省份,与内地一样所遇到的各种危机及应对危机的社会变革是新疆地方政治宪法化的缘起。但其特殊的地缘政治环境与特殊的族群构成,导致造成了比内地更加复杂的局面,给新疆的近代化与宪法在新疆地方的实施带来了更多的阻碍与制约因素。第二章介绍了作为特殊的一个省份,新疆地方与中央关系的发展演变过程。对这个关系的梳理与总结,是分析宪法在新疆地方实施的前提与起点。中央与地方关系作为一个国家政治和社会生活的重要主题,是一国宪法在地方实现或地方政权走向民主化的重要内容和前提条件。纵观民国时期,无论新疆地方的政局如何变化,与中央的关系是密切还是疏远,但新疆始终是中国不可分割的一部分,这是几千年新疆地方与中央关系变迁中历史与人民的最终选择。第三章介绍了新疆地方政治走向宪法化的理论基础。这一时期,由于中央政府权威、实力的式微,帝国主义势力的不断干涉、侵略,使得民族与宗教问题的解决更加复杂、困难重重,边疆危机四起。以国共两党为代表的先进的中国人进行了各种有益的理论探索和实践。这些理念和实践经验,对民国时期解决新疆的民族、宗教问题及新疆最终走上民主政治的方向都产生了重要影响。第四章梳理了新疆地方迈向政治宪法化的曲折历程。首先,指出新疆伊犁辛亥革命的爆发与胜利,是民国新疆迈向政治宪法化的标志性事件,其对宪法在新疆地方的实践产生了深远意义;其次,旧官僚杨增新窃取了革命成果,建立了军阀专制统治,新疆地方的政治宪法化发展受到严重阻碍。但历史的车轮是不可逆转的,为了维护自己的统治,历任军阀也不得不实行一些有助于地方政治民主化发展的改良措施,虽然微乎其微,但也是一种进步。国民党直接控制新疆后,与三区政权成立了少数民族参政议政的联合政府,为促进新疆走向各民族平等、自治及少数民族享有民主政治权利为内容的地方政治宪法化道路打下了基础。但国民党的政党性质决定了,这些体现平等、民主的措施是无法真正贯彻执行的,最终导致联合政府破裂,宪法在新疆的实践最终以失败告终。一直到1949年,新疆和平解放后,新疆地方的政治宪法化建设才得以大发展。然而民国时期,宪法在新疆地方的实践为以后提供了借鉴。第五章探讨了民国时期影响宪法在新疆地方实践的各种政治力量,包括哥老会、国民党、共产党、及外国势力的干涉与控制,这些政治势力或是促进了平等、自治、民主等思想的传播;或阻碍、干涉了新疆地方政治近代化、法治化的建设,对新疆地方政治走向宪法化产生了或大或小的影响。第六章考察了民国宪法在新疆地方的实践活动。通过对一系列原始档案的分析,从微观上感知宪法在新疆地方的实施进展,及当时体现地方政治民主化思想的各种措施在现实中是如何运行的。这些措施的实行结果如何,对新疆地方政治走向的影响如何等等。第七章对民国时期宪法在新疆地方实践的特点与影响因素进行总结与评价。综观民国时期,可以看到影响宪法在新疆地方实施的因素有很多。这些因素对其影响不一,由此得出新疆地方的政治宪法化发展的特点。结语部分则是在总结民国宪法在新疆实施中的经验教训基础上,提出了当下新疆地方宪政的方向,即在宪法的框架内构建国家统一、地方法治、民族自治相得益彰和谐一体的新型法律治理模式。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang has been the western frontier of China since ancient times. It is an important frontier defense area with multi-ethnic and multi-religious coexistence, where Eastern and western nationalities and cultures meet. Compared with other frontiers, it has more particularity and importance. Xinjiang accounts for one sixth of the total land area of China, one quarter of the total length of the border line, and it covers a lot of extremely heavy things for the country. The key factors are as follows: the western frontier, inhabited by minority nationalities, abundant resources and vast territory, so the implementation and deepening of the modernization of the legal system has an unusual multiple significance. Especially after the "7.5" incident in Xinjiang, the study on the application of the Constitution in Xinjiang is not only of profound academic significance, but also of great urgency in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to study predecessors'experience in maintaining the stability and security of the border areas, grasp the characteristics of Xinjiang's modern politics, deepen our understanding of Xinjiang's particularity, better implement the local constitutional arrangements for regional ethnic autonomy, speed up the legislative activities in Xinjiang's ethnic areas, promote the legalization of border governance, and safeguard the state. The stability of the border area has important practical significance.
This paper mainly studies the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period from 1912 to 1949 when Xinjiang was moving from traditional society to modernization. It sorts out, summarizes and evaluates the trend of the local political constitutionalization in Xinjiang and the various factors affecting its development in the period of the Republic of China. On this basis, it tries to sum up the constitutional rights of the Republic of China. Finally, on the basis of summing up the historical experience, we can get the important enlightenment for the construction and development of local constitutionalism in Xinjiang.
This paper holds that the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China was going forward in tortuous and difficult conditions, which were influenced by many factors, such as the evolution of the relationship between the local and the central authorities in Xinjiang, the influence of the separatist warlords, the traditional concept of centralization, the interference and aggression of imperialism, regionalism, the political situation at home and abroad, and the national patriarchal clan. Among them, the most influential factors on the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang are the evolution of the relationship between the local authorities and the central authorities, the interference and aggression of imperialism, and the relationship between nationalities and religions.
This article is divided into the following sections.
In the introduction part, the author mainly discusses the topic selection and significance of the thesis, combs the current research trends in the academic circles at home and abroad, and introduces the research path and text structure of the thesis on the whole.
The first chapter introduces the background of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. As a frontier province in China, all kinds of crises and social changes in response to crises are the origin of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics. The different ethnic groups lead to a more complicated situation than the mainland, and bring more obstacles and restrictive factors to the modernization of Xinjiang and the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang.
The second chapter introduces the evolution of the relationship between the central and the local governments in Xinjiang as a special province. Throughout the period of the Republic of China, no matter how the political situation of Xinjiang changed, the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government was close or distant, but Xinjiang was always an inseparable part of China, which was the final choice of history and people in the vicissitude of the relationship between Xinjiang and the central government for thousands of years.
The third chapter introduces the theoretical basis of the constitutionalization of Xinjiang's local politics.During this period, the central government's authority, the decline of its strength, the constant interference and aggression of imperialist forces made the solution of ethnic and religious problems more complex, difficult and frontier crises.The advanced Chinese represented by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party carried out the work. All kinds of beneficial theoretical exploration and practice, these ideas and practical experience, to solve Xinjiang's ethnic and religious problems in the Republic of China and Xinjiang eventually embarked on the direction of democratic politics have had an important impact.
In the fourth chapter, the tortuous course of Xinjiang's local political constitutionalization is summarized. Firstly, it is pointed out that the outbreak and victory of Xinhai Revolution in Yili, Xinjiang is a symbolic event of Xinjiang's political constitutionalization in the Republic of China, which has a far-reaching significance to the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang. Secondly, Yang Zengxin, an old bureaucrat, stole the achievements of the revolution and established warlords. The development of local political constitutionalism in Xinjiang was seriously hindered by autocratic rule. However, the wheel of history was irreversible. In order to maintain their rule, successive warlords had to implement some improvement measures which were helpful to the development of local political democratization. The regional regime established a coalition government of ethnic minorities participating in politics and deliberation, which laid the foundation for Xinjiang to move towards the constitutional road of local politics with the equality of all ethnic groups, autonomy and democratic political rights enjoyed by ethnic minorities as its content. It was not until 1949 that the political constitutionalization of Xinjiang was greatly developed after the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang.
The fifth chapter discusses the various political forces that influenced the practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China, including the interference and control of the Gelao Church, the Kuomintang, the Communist Party and foreign forces, which either promoted the spread of ideas of equality, autonomy and democracy, or hindered and interfered in the modernization of local politics and the construction of the rule of law in Xinjiang. The influence of local politics on constitutionalism has been great or small.
Chapter Six examines the practice of the Constitution of the Republic of China in Xinjiang. Through the analysis of a series of original archives, the author perceives the progress of the implementation of the Constitution in Xinjiang from the microcosmic point of view, and how the various measures reflecting the thought of local political democratization at that time worked in reality. What are the results of these measures and the local politics of Xinjiang? The impact of the trend and so on.
Chapter 7 summarizes and evaluates the characteristics and influencing factors of the local practice of the Constitution in Xinjiang in the period of the Republic of China.
The conclusion part is based on the summary of the experience and lessons of the Constitution of the Republic of China in the implementation of Xinjiang, put forward the direction of the current local constitutional government in Xinjiang, that is, within the framework of the Constitution to build a new legal governance model of national unity, local rule of law, national autonomy complement and harmony.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258

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