清末至民国时期新疆的罂粟种植和鸦片贩运

发布时间：2018-09-07 16:54

【摘要】：清末至民国时期的中国鸦片泛滥,罂粟种植、鸦片生产和鸦片贩运的现象较为普遍,成为当时中国最为严重的社会问题之一。清末至民国时期的新疆虽地处国家边陲,同样未能避免鸦片流毒的侵蚀。鸦片在新疆的泛滥对当时新疆的政治、经济和社会发展产生了十分深远的影响。学术界对于清末至民国时期新疆鸦片问题的研究多仅限于禁毒方面,强调鸦片对于近代新疆社会的巨大危害,对于该时期新疆罂粟种植和鸦片贩运的研究成果很少。实际上,无论是清末还是民国时期新疆政府对于鸦片的弛禁时期要远长于严禁时期,如果仅仅重视短时间的禁烟,而忽视对更长时期罂粟种植和鸦片贸易的研究,则难以真正认识清末至民国时期新疆的鸦片问题,更无法了解鸦片存在于该时期新疆社会的客观必然性。从这一角度讲,本文的研究还是十分有意义的。本文的第一个部分是绪论,第二三部的研究依照时间顺序划分为清末和民国两个时间段,分别研究两个时期内新疆的罂粟种植区域的发展变化、各产区土药产量的变化趋势、洋药来源的变化、鸦片贸易路线的发展变化和政府在“严禁”、“弛禁”时期对罂粟种植和鸦片贩运的管理,并分析上述问题产生的原因。第四部分主要讨论鸦片对清末至民国时期新疆社会产生的深远影响。具体内容如下：第一部分为绪论,主要论述本文的选题缘由和意义、研究范围的界定、相关学术研究综述、本文的研究内容、研究思路和创新点等。第二部分,对清末新疆罂粟种植和鸦片贩运的发展变化做了复原和分析,总结得出,由于清末新疆禁烟重点是针对“洋药”的禁贩,因此该时期新疆的罂粟种植区域不仅仅限于奇台、绥来、昌吉等旧有的鸦片产区。至光绪末年,北疆伊犁、塔城等地也已经成为产烟大区,南疆由于自然条件恶劣和缠回宗教信仰禁忌等原因,罂粟种植没有较大的发展。洋药在道光年间的禁烟中受到一定的影响,然而短暂的禁烟因鸦片战争的失败和清政府弛禁鸦片的政策而失败。英属印度和中亚地区是该时期新疆洋药的主要来源,洋药在新疆的贩运路线大致为沿塔里木盆地北缘的商道,进入北疆迪化后,贩运入内地。道光禁烟之后,政府开始对鸦片贩运进行有效管理,以保证其税收对于新疆军政开支的补贴,这也使得清末新疆罂粟种植和鸦片贸易得到了进一步的发展。第三部分,民国时期新疆罂粟种植区域的变化较大,杨增新政府的以“禁种”为重点的禁烟运动,导致以迪化为中心的准噶尔盆地南缘旧有的罂粟种植区基本实现禁种。此外,该时期频繁的战乱使得上述区域的罂粟种植难以得到持续的发展。而伊犁、塔城、阿山等地由于地处边疆,战乱较少,因此三地成为该时期北疆罂粟种植的主要区域,内地人入疆贸易路线的转移更加促进了这些地区罂粟种植和鸦片贸易的发展。民国时期新疆鸦片贩运路线的变化不大,不过洋药的主要来源变为俄国和中亚地区。对该时期华民大规模赴俄种烟事件进行一定的复原,并分析其产生原因。此外,由于该时期鸦片税收对于新疆军政运行和商业贸易的巨大作用,政府对于鸦片基本持“弛禁”的态度。第四部分,探讨鸦片在清末至民国时期新疆社会泛滥的客观必然性及其产生的深远影响,包括积极方面和消极方面。
[Abstract]:From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the phenomenon of opium overflowing, opium cultivation, opium production and opium trafficking became one of the most serious social problems in China at that time. The study of opium problem in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China was mostly confined to the aspect of drug control, emphasizing the enormous harm of opium to the modern society of Xinjiang, and the research achievements on opium cultivation and opium trafficking in Xinjiang during that period were few. The period of the relaxation of the ban on opium by the Xinjiang government was much longer than the period of the strict ban. If only the short-term ban on opium was emphasized, and the study of the cultivation of opium and the trade of opium was neglected for a long time, it would be difficult to really understand the opium problem in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and even less to understand the objective necessity of the existence of opium in Xinjiang society during that period. From this point of view, the research in this paper is still very meaningful.
The first part of this paper is the introduction. The second and third parts of this paper are divided into two periods according to the time sequence: the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. They are respectively to study the development and change of poppy cultivation area in Xinjiang during the two periods, the change trend of local drug production, the change of foreign medicine sources, the development and change of opium trade routes and the government's "forbidden" policy. The fourth part mainly discusses the far-reaching influence of opium on Xinjiang society from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.
The first part is the introduction, mainly discussing the reason and significance of the topic, the definition of the scope of the study, the related academic research, the research content, research ideas and innovations.
In the second part, the development and changes of poppy cultivation and opium trafficking in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty were restored and analyzed, and it was concluded that since the emphasis of prohibiting smoking in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty was on the prohibition of "foreign drugs", the poppy cultivation area in Xinjiang was not limited to the old opium producing areas such as Qitai, Suilai and Changji. Tacheng and other places have also become smoking areas, southern Xinjiang due to poor natural conditions and religious taboos and other reasons, poppy cultivation did not develop significantly. Foreign medicine in the Daoguang years of the ban on smoking was affected to a certain extent, but the short-term ban on smoking because of the failure of the Opium War and the Qing government's relaxation of the ban on opium policy and failed. Central Asia was the main source of foreign medicines in Xinjiang during that period. Trafficking routes of foreign medicines in Xinjiang were mostly along the trade routes along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin. After entering Dihua in northern Xinjiang, they were trafficked into the mainland. After the ban on smoking in Daoguang, the government began to effectively manage opium trafficking in order to ensure its tax subsidies to Xinjiang's military and government expenditures, which also led to the late Qing Dynasty. Opium poppy cultivation and opium trade in Xinjiang have been further developed.
In the third part, the poppy planting areas in Xinjiang changed greatly during the period of the Republic of China. The anti-smoking campaign of Yang Zengxin's government focused on "prohibiting planting" resulted in the basic prohibition of poppy planting in the old poppy planting areas in the southern margin of Junggar Basin centered on Dihua. In addition, frequent wars during this period made it difficult for the poppy planting in the above-mentioned areas to be sustained. Yili, Tacheng, Ashan and other places, because they were located in the frontier, less war, so the three places became the main areas of poppy cultivation in northern Xinjiang during this period. The transfer of inland trade routes further promoted the development of poppy cultivation and opium trade in these areas. In addition, because of the enormous effect of opium tax on Xinjiang's military and political operation and commercial trade, the government basically held an attitude of relaxing the ban on opium.
The fourth part discusses the objective inevitability and far-reaching influence of opium in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, including positive and negative aspects.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252;F329

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