近代东北自开商埠与社会变迁
发布时间：2018-09-10 08:52
【摘要】：自开商埠是中国为抵抗侵略、保全主权、发展商务而自行开放的一种新型口岸。近代初期中国未能主动与西方国家通商，这与当时所面临的国际形势有关。清政府严格限制与西方国家交往，在很大程度上是出于对国家主权和利益的考虑。随着西方政治、经济、军事、文化等方面冲击的加深，中国在对外关系的处理上，开始发生变化。国人在主观上也产生了调整对外政策的愿望，这些因素共同构成了近代自开商埠开放的基础。 东北的自开商埠最早可以追溯到1903年，中国同美国在上海签订《续议通商行船条约》揭开了近代东北自开商埠开放的序幕。1905年，清政府与日本签订《会议东三省事宜条约》，最终确定开放东北，一次性在东北放开放16处商埠。从1906年6月1日，盛京将军赵尔巽宣布奉天省城对外开放，截至1909年，东北共有自开商埠22个。 自开商埠不但是一种政治决策，而且也是一种经济措施。在政治方面，通过自开商埠，在对外贸易上，将主动权掌握在中国人自己手中，尽可能地按照中国自己的意志行使国家主权，是近代中国在政治上谋求独立自主的体现。在经济方面，自开商埠将一部分土地开辟出来，让外国人可以合法地从事贸易往来，在列强对华实行经济侵略、渗透的形势下，通过对外“商战”，挽回利权。在文化方面，随着自开商埠的出现，东北地区的社会文化也随之出现一定程度的变迁。传统教育体制的瓦解，宗教信仰的变迁以及商埠地居民社会生活的变化都反映出东北文化的近代化。 自开商埠的设立促进了东北城市近代化的发展。近代东北自开商埠城市的开发大致经历了三个阶段：第一阶段是从1906～1911年，，主要活动是成立市政管理机构、划出开发用地、修建道路和建设城市管理系统，以此促进东北城市的近代化。第二阶段是从1912～1919年，商埠的发展十分缓慢，几乎处于停滞状态。第三阶段是从1920～1930年，各商埠地走向全方位的开放，市政建设逐渐完善，商埠地作为先行开放地区，成为东北城市发展的领头羊。齐齐哈尔是东北地区自开商埠城市发展的典型个案。开埠通商为齐齐哈尔城市的发展带来了动力，使城市的各个方面都发生变化，促进了城市发展的近代化。
[Abstract]:Self-opening port is a new type of port opened by China to resist aggression, preserve sovereignty and develop commerce. At the beginning of modern times, China failed to trade with western countries voluntarily, which was related to the international situation at that time. The Qing government restricted its contact with western countries to a great extent out of consideration of national sovereignty and interests. With the deepening of western political, economic, military and cultural shocks, China began to change its foreign relations. The Chinese people also had the desire to adjust their foreign policy subjectively, which together formed the basis of opening their own commercial ports in modern times. The opening of a commercial port in northeast China can be traced back to 1903. China signed the Treaty of Trade and Shipping with the United States in Shanghai. The Qing government signed the Treaty of the three provinces of the East China Conference with Japan, and finally decided to open the Northeast, opening 16 commercial ports in the Northeast at one time. From June 1, 1906, Shengjing General Zhao Erxun announced the opening of Fengtian provincial capital. As of 1909, there were 22 commercial ports in Northeast China. Opening a commercial port is not only a political decision, but also an economic measure. In the aspect of politics, it is the embodiment of modern China to seek independence in politics by opening its own commercial port and holding the initiative in the hands of the Chinese people and exercising national sovereignty as far as possible according to China's own will in foreign trade. In the economic aspect, the opening of commercial ports has opened up a part of the land so that foreigners can legally engage in trade exchanges, and under the situation of foreign powers' economic aggression against China and infiltration, through the "commercial war" to foreign countries, the right to profit can be recovered. In terms of culture, with the emergence of commercial ports, the social culture in Northeast China has changed to a certain extent. The disintegration of the traditional education system, the change of religious belief and the change of the social life of the residents of the commercial port all reflect the modernization of the Northeast culture. The establishment of self-opening commercial port promoted the development of northeast city modernization. In modern times, the development of the commercial port city in northeast China experienced three stages: the first stage was from 1906 to 1911, the main activity was to set up the municipal administration organization, to draw out the development land, to build the road and to build the city management system. In order to promote the modernization of Northeast cities. The second stage was from 1912 to 1919. The development of commercial ports was very slow and almost stagnant. The third stage is from 1920 to 1930, each commercial port land moves towards the omni-directional opening, the municipal construction gradually consummates, the commercial port as the first opening area, becomes the northeast city development leader. Qiqihar is a typical case of city development in northeast China. The opening of ports and commerce has brought impetus to the development of Qiqihar city, changed all aspects of the city, and promoted the modernization of the city development.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K25;F129
本文编号：2233964
[Abstract]:Self-opening port is a new type of port opened by China to resist aggression, preserve sovereignty and develop commerce. At the beginning of modern times, China failed to trade with western countries voluntarily, which was related to the international situation at that time. The Qing government restricted its contact with western countries to a great extent out of consideration of national sovereignty and interests. With the deepening of western political, economic, military and cultural shocks, China began to change its foreign relations. The Chinese people also had the desire to adjust their foreign policy subjectively, which together formed the basis of opening their own commercial ports in modern times. The opening of a commercial port in northeast China can be traced back to 1903. China signed the Treaty of Trade and Shipping with the United States in Shanghai. The Qing government signed the Treaty of the three provinces of the East China Conference with Japan, and finally decided to open the Northeast, opening 16 commercial ports in the Northeast at one time. From June 1, 1906, Shengjing General Zhao Erxun announced the opening of Fengtian provincial capital. As of 1909, there were 22 commercial ports in Northeast China. Opening a commercial port is not only a political decision, but also an economic measure. In the aspect of politics, it is the embodiment of modern China to seek independence in politics by opening its own commercial port and holding the initiative in the hands of the Chinese people and exercising national sovereignty as far as possible according to China's own will in foreign trade. In the economic aspect, the opening of commercial ports has opened up a part of the land so that foreigners can legally engage in trade exchanges, and under the situation of foreign powers' economic aggression against China and infiltration, through the "commercial war" to foreign countries, the right to profit can be recovered. In terms of culture, with the emergence of commercial ports, the social culture in Northeast China has changed to a certain extent. The disintegration of the traditional education system, the change of religious belief and the change of the social life of the residents of the commercial port all reflect the modernization of the Northeast culture. The establishment of self-opening commercial port promoted the development of northeast city modernization. In modern times, the development of the commercial port city in northeast China experienced three stages: the first stage was from 1906 to 1911, the main activity was to set up the municipal administration organization, to draw out the development land, to build the road and to build the city management system. In order to promote the modernization of Northeast cities. The second stage was from 1912 to 1919. The development of commercial ports was very slow and almost stagnant. The third stage is from 1920 to 1930, each commercial port land moves towards the omni-directional opening, the municipal construction gradually consummates, the commercial port as the first opening area, becomes the northeast city development leader. Qiqihar is a typical case of city development in northeast China. The opening of ports and commerce has brought impetus to the development of Qiqihar city, changed all aspects of the city, and promoted the modernization of the city development.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K25;F129
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