“西巡”时期清政府施政状况考察

发布时间：2018-09-12 13:07

【摘要】：光绪二十六年,八国联军发动侵华战争。慈禧、光绪等人被迫离京,开始了以“西巡”为名的流亡之路,直到光绪二十七年,与八国联军达成和议后,慈禧等人才返回北京重建统治秩序,历时一年又四个月。本文以两宫“西巡”历程为主线,运用历史学研究方法,对当时清政府的施政环境、施政内容、施政方式、施政影响等几方面进行探讨,力求对清政府这一特殊时期的施政状况进行比较全面、客观的研究。本文分四个章节进行论述: 第一章主要介绍庚子“西巡”的背景。联军入侵,京城陷落,清廷统治告急,中华民族处在了生死存亡的危急关头。八国联军伙同传教士对中国人民实行了疯狂报复,中国社会危机再次凸显。与此同时,义和团肆意迫害在京官吏,政府机构被毁坏,政务处理受到人为干扰。端王载漪、庄王载勋等人利用义和团垄断朝政,破坏朝纲,朝廷的权力被严重分化。与列强关系较为密切的南方诸省在这一时期竟与列强互保联合,使清廷在南方的控制力大大下降。第二章主要介绍清廷“西巡”时期的施政要项。“议和”已经成为了流亡政府的主要政务。为此,清廷积极开展议和,迅速处理教案,大力剿灭义和团,想尽办法筹集巨额赔款。另一方面,为了抵御联军的进逼,慈禧加强山西、陕西、河南的防御能力。此外,庚辛年间灾荒频发,流亡政府能力受限,已经不能进行大规模救济,但在政治地位突出的秦晋地区,采取了强有力的施救行动。第三章主要描述清廷“西巡”时期的施政方式。清廷在流亡的情况下设立施政机构,采取各种措施改善施政条件,到达陕西后,机构设置逐渐完备。中央与地方政务的传达大量运用电报。在传递受阻的情况下,政务信息一度由山东、陕西中转传递。此外,清廷将上行文书题本该为奏折,提高了政府办事效率。这些都表现了清政府在特殊时期的应急处理能力。第四章分析了清廷施政的影响。清廷议和的成功挽回了列强的支持,重建了统治秩序,但从此对列强惟命是从,人民对此非常失望。为了维持自己的统治,清政府参考西法进行改革,内容涉及政治、教育、军事几方面。尽管清政府做出了较大努力,社会隐患急剧增加,官场腐败日盛,民教矛盾愈演愈烈,政府信任危机加重,抗捐抗税斗争此起彼伏,地方与中央的离心力加大,越来越多的忧患威胁着清政府的统治。
[Abstract]:Guang Xu 26 years, the allied forces of the eight nations launched the war of aggression against China. Cixi, Guang Xu and others were forced to leave Beijing and began their exiled journey in the name of "Western Tour." after 27 years of peace talks with the Allied Forces of the eight, Cixi and others returned to Beijing to re-establish ruling order, which lasted for one year and four months. This paper, taking the course of the "Western Tour" of the two palaces as the main line and using the method of historical research, probes into the administration environment, the content, the way and the impact of the administration of the Qing government at that time. This special period of administration of the Qing government to conduct a more comprehensive, objective research. This paper is divided into four chapters: the first chapter mainly introduces the background of Boxer's "West Patrol". Coalition invasion, the fall of the capital, the Qing dynasty rule urgent, the Chinese nation in a life-or-death crisis. The eight-Power coalition forces and missionaries carried out a frenzy of revenge on the Chinese people, and the social crisis in China was once again highlighted. At the same time, Boxer wantonly persecuted officials in Beijing, government institutions were destroyed, government affairs were artificially disturbed. Duan Wang Zhaoyi, Zhuang Wang Zhaoxun and others used the Boxer Tuan to monopolize the government, destroy the regime, and the power of the court was seriously divided. In this period, the southern provinces, which had close relations with the great powers, United with each other, which greatly reduced the control power of the Qing court in the south. The second chapter mainly introduces the administration of Qing Dynasty. Peace has become the main government of the government in exile. To this end, the Qing government actively engaged in peace, dealt with teaching cases quickly, vigorously exterminates Boxer Tuan, and tried to raise huge reparations. On the other hand, Cixi strengthened the defense capabilities of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan in order to resist the advance of the Allied Forces. In addition, the famine occurred frequently in Gengxin period, and the government in exile was limited in ability to carry out large-scale relief, but in Qin Jin region, where political status was prominent, strong rescue action was taken. The third chapter mainly describes the administration of Qing Dynasty during the period of "Western Tour". The Qing government set up administrative institutions in exile and took various measures to improve the administrative conditions. The communication of central and local government makes a great use of telegram. In the case of obstructed transmission, government information was once transferred from Shandong to Shaanxi. In addition, the Qing Dynasty should be the uplink document for the folding, improve the efficiency of government work. All these showed the Qing government's ability to deal with emergency in special period. The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of Qing government administration. The success of the Qing Dynasty redeemed the support of the powers and re-established the ruling order, but from then on, the people were very disappointed by the obedience to the powers. In order to maintain its rule, the Qing government carried out reforms with reference to Western France, covering political, educational and military aspects. In spite of the great efforts made by the Qing government, the sharp increase in social hidden dangers, the increasing corruption in the official field, the intensified contradictions between the people and education, the worsening crisis of government trust, the incessant struggle against donations and taxes, and the increasing centrifugal force between the local and the central authorities, More and more worries threaten the Qing government.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256.7

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