民国时期哈尔滨霍乱研究（1919-1932年）

发布时间：2018-09-19 08:49

【摘要】：民国时期哈尔滨地区一共爆发过三次大型霍乱,分别是在1919年、1926年与1932年,三次染及霍乱人数共达到一万二千多人,其中死亡共七千多人。霍乱的流行对民众及社会带来了极大伤害,不仅使染疫者身体饱受霍乱疫情所带来的痛苦,且也使健康民众人心恐慌,谈虎色变。因此哈尔滨地区政府、社会各界慈善人士及他国政府都为此做出努力。在救助霍乱疫情的同时,也同样促进了哈尔滨地区的公共卫生事业发展,也为现今公共卫生事业的发展奠定了坚实基础。经过比较1919年、1926年、1932年三次霍乱疫情,得出霍乱流行存在异同点。相同点方面,如:三次霍乱疫情都是由上海地区传播进来;三次霍乱的染疫者当中,染疫者男性人数多于女性人数,并且以青年人居多;染疫人群中劳动者与无职业者相较其他人群容易染及霍乱菌。从不同点来说,一次比一次预防措施更完善,染疫人数与死亡人数逐渐减少。霍乱疫情常流行于夏、秋季节,与异常的气候、交通发展、人口不断流动、民众居住环境污秽及民众卫生观念缺失有着密不可分的联系。霍乱的流行给民众及市面带来了诸多不良影响,到处散播不利进行预防注射的谣言等。对市面上,主要是政府禁止销售性冷食品,就导致销售性冷食品的商贩,生意萧条,公共场所也照往常出入人数大大减少。但与此同时,霍乱等疾病的流行在一定程度上促进了防疫会、防疫局等防疫机构的建立。政府所采取的颁布卫生条例,派宣传员对民众进行宣传卫生知识,为家庭及各商家提供预防法,促进了公共卫生事业的发展。霍乱疫情的流行对社会也带来了一些启示,公共卫生得到发展的同时,哈尔滨地区政府及相关机构在防疫过程中还存在一些不足,如相关机构工作上并没有尽职尽责,民众由于思想狭隘,不能接受医师的治疗手段这些都是亟待须解决的事宜。为促进公共卫生,需要政府积极的进行卫生宣传,卫生宣传员要以身作则,根据民众不同的文化程度选择相应的教育方式,民众也需要积极的进行配合。在救治霍乱时,医师的医术与医德极其重要,对医生进行考核是重要环节。对宣传卫生知识中,媒体新闻界的作用不可忽视,报纸、图解、影片等形式都是重要的宣传手段。
[Abstract]:During the period of the Republic of China, there were three outbreaks of large cholera in Harbin, namely, in 1919, 1926 and 1932, the number of people infected with cholera and cholera reached more than 12000, of which more than 7,000 died. The epidemic of cholera has caused great harm to the people and the society. It not only makes the infected people suffer the suffering caused by the cholera epidemic, but also makes the healthy people panic and turn into a tiger. Therefore Harbin area government, the society all walks of life charity personage and other countries government all makes the effort to this end. Meanwhile, it also promoted the development of public health in Harbin, and laid a solid foundation for the development of public health. By comparing three cholera outbreaks in 1919, 1926 and 1932, the similarities and differences of cholera epidemic were obtained. For example, the three cholera outbreaks were spread by the Shanghai area; among the three cholera cases, the number of infected men was more than that of women, and most of them were young people; Workers and non-workers are more susceptible to cholera infection than other populations. At the same time, the number of people infected with the disease and the number of deaths gradually decreased. Cholera epidemic is often prevalent in summer and autumn, which is closely related to abnormal climate, traffic development, population flow, pollution of living environment and lack of public health concept. Cholera epidemic to the public and the market has brought many adverse effects, spread unfavorable rumors of vaccination and so on. On the market, mainly the government ban on the sale of cold food, resulting in the sale of cold food vendors, business depression, public places, as usual, the number of people in and out greatly reduced. But at the same time, the epidemic of cholera and other diseases promoted the establishment of epidemic prevention organizations. The health regulations adopted by the government sent propagandists to publicize health knowledge for families and businesses, and promoted the development of public health. The epidemic of cholera has also brought some enlightenment to society. While public health has been developed, there are still some deficiencies in the process of epidemic prevention by the government and related agencies in Harbin, such as the failure of the relevant organizations to fulfill their duties in their work. People are too narrow-minded to accept physicians' treatment. These are matters that need to be solved. In order to promote public health, the government should actively carry out health propaganda, health propagandists should lead by example, according to the people's different education level, the people also need to actively cooperate. In the treatment of cholera, doctors' medical skills and ethics are extremely important, and the examination of doctors is an important link. In the propaganda of health knowledge, the role of media press can not be ignored, newspapers, diagrams, films and other forms are important means of propaganda.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：R2-09;K258

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