对于天津教案起因的考察
发布时间：2018-11-06 21:16
【摘要】：1870年爆发的天津教案是晚清教案史上非常重要的一个事件,其原因也是史学界研究较多的一个问题。天津教案牵扯到包括西方在华官员、西方在华传教士、中国官员、地方势力、普通民众等社会各种势力阶层,是各方因素纠缠在一起同时爆发的结果。要理清它背后的种种原因,就必须站在一个合适的立足点分析涉案的各方利益,将导致冲突的不同层次因素按照主次轻重梳顺。 本文将时间和空间两个维度相结合,研究视角逐渐拉近：第一部分介绍天津教案发生的背景因素,即中外文化差异。站在历史的大背景下考察中外交往,其实文化差异导致冲突的情况几千年来一直存在。早期的佛教和伊斯兰教最初传入中国时,也经历了与本土文化相互碰撞、了解、融合乃至同化的过程。基督教在明朝初期正式传入中国时也与中国传统文化发生冲突,但是无论从数量上还是程度上考察,都无法与晚清教案相提并论,有些冲突甚至不能算作是教案,而是关于文化的论战。所以,笔者认为中西方文化差异并不一定导致教案的发生,但是教案发生的背后必定有文化差异的因素存在,在本文中笔者将其作为教案的背景因素考察。 本文的第二部分将视角拉近到晚清时期,从1840年鸦片战争开始,西方资本主义国家开始用炮舰政策对中国进行侵略,笔者认为这是晚清大部分教案发生的根本原因,也包括天津教案。在对天津教案的分析中我们不难看出此次的教案并不是盲目针对所有西方国家,当时的组织者和大部分民众将法国天主教传教士和修女作为发泄愤怒的主要对象。因此除了对晚清时期西方国家在华传教过程中的侵略行为进行分析外,笔者还将对19世纪法国的对华传教政策及其背景进行回顾。法国被称为“天主教的长女”,历史上一直是天主教教区的重要国家。在基督教在华传播的早期,法国取得了诸多利益。大革命之后,法国失去了在欧洲大陆的传统优势,传教的脚步也明显放慢。1840年中英鸦片战争之后,英、美、德等西方列强陆续通过炮舰政策进入中国,通过一系列不平等条约攫取了诸多利益。法国觊觎他们的成果,同时更担心如果自己不参与这次对远东的侵略,将丧失重新成为一流强国的机会,使自己与别国的差距更大。但是当时的法国在华贸易份额十分有限,条件优惠的通商条约对于法国的意义远不如对英美等国那么大,所以法国的政策是加强对中国的传教政策,通过思想的渗透获得在华利益。 在第三部分,笔者将视角拉近到晚清时期的天津城。虽然晚清的诸多教案都与文化的差异、西方列强的侵略有关,但是每个教案最直接的导致原因各不相同,笔者认为天津教案中,关于法国天主教的一系列社会传闻是其发生的直接原因。对于这些传闻的辨伪与分析,能让我们在对天津教案有更深入的理解。
[Abstract]:The teaching case of Tianjin broke out in 1870 is a very important event in the history of late Qing Dynasty. The Tianjin case involves Western officials in China, Western missionaries in China, Chinese officials, local forces, ordinary people, and other social forces. In order to clarify the reasons behind it, we must analyze the interests of all parties involved in the case from a suitable standpoint, which will lead to different levels of conflict in accordance with the order of priority and importance. This paper combines the two dimensions of time and space, and the research angle is gradually drawn closer: the first part introduces the background factor of the teaching plan in Tianjin, that is, the cultural difference between China and foreign countries. Against the background of history, cultural differences have led to conflicts for thousands of years. When the early Buddhism and Islam were first introduced into China, they also experienced the process of collision, understanding, integration and even assimilation with native culture. When Christianity was formally introduced into China in the early Ming Dynasty, it also conflicted with the traditional Chinese culture, but in terms of quantity and degree of investigation, it could not be compared with the religious cases in the late Qing Dynasty, and some conflicts could not even be counted as teaching cases. It's about culture. Therefore, the author believes that the cultural differences between China and the West do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of teaching plans, but there must be cultural differences behind the occurrence of teaching plans. The second part of this paper draws the angle of view closer to the late Qing Dynasty. From the beginning of the Opium War in 1840, the western capitalist countries began to invade China with the gunboat policy. The author believes that this is the fundamental reason for most of the teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty. It also includes the Tianjin teaching plan. In the analysis of Tianjin's religious case, it is not difficult to see that this case is not blindly directed at all western countries. At that time, the organizers and the majority of the people took French Catholic missionaries and nuns as the main targets of their anger. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the aggression of western countries in China during the late Qing Dynasty, the author will also review the policy and background of France's missionary policy to China in the 19th century. France, known as the "eldest daughter of the Catholic Church," has historically been an important country in the Catholic diocese. In the early days of the spread of Christianity in China, France gained many benefits. After the Great Revolution, France lost its traditional superiority in the European continent, and the pace of missionary service slowed obviously. After the Opium War between China and Britain in 1840, Western powers such as Britain, the United States, Germany and other Western powers successively entered China through the gunboat policy. Many gains have been made through a series of unequal treaties. France covets their results and fears that if it does not participate in the invasion of the far East, it will lose the opportunity to become a top power again, making it even more distant from other countries. However, France's share of trade in China was very limited at that time, and the treaty of trade with preferential terms was far less significant to France than to Britain and the United States and other countries. Therefore, France's policy was to strengthen its policy of missionary service to China. Through the infiltration of ideas to gain interest in China. In the third part, the author draws closer to Tianjin City in the late Qing Dynasty. Although many teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty are related to cultural differences and the aggression of Western powers, the most direct causes of each teaching plan are different. The author believes that in Tianjin's teaching plan, A series of social rumours about French Catholicism are the direct cause of its occurrence. To these hearsay discrimination and analysis, can let us have a deeper understanding of Tianjin teaching case.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256
本文编号：2315489
[Abstract]:The teaching case of Tianjin broke out in 1870 is a very important event in the history of late Qing Dynasty. The Tianjin case involves Western officials in China, Western missionaries in China, Chinese officials, local forces, ordinary people, and other social forces. In order to clarify the reasons behind it, we must analyze the interests of all parties involved in the case from a suitable standpoint, which will lead to different levels of conflict in accordance with the order of priority and importance. This paper combines the two dimensions of time and space, and the research angle is gradually drawn closer: the first part introduces the background factor of the teaching plan in Tianjin, that is, the cultural difference between China and foreign countries. Against the background of history, cultural differences have led to conflicts for thousands of years. When the early Buddhism and Islam were first introduced into China, they also experienced the process of collision, understanding, integration and even assimilation with native culture. When Christianity was formally introduced into China in the early Ming Dynasty, it also conflicted with the traditional Chinese culture, but in terms of quantity and degree of investigation, it could not be compared with the religious cases in the late Qing Dynasty, and some conflicts could not even be counted as teaching cases. It's about culture. Therefore, the author believes that the cultural differences between China and the West do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of teaching plans, but there must be cultural differences behind the occurrence of teaching plans. The second part of this paper draws the angle of view closer to the late Qing Dynasty. From the beginning of the Opium War in 1840, the western capitalist countries began to invade China with the gunboat policy. The author believes that this is the fundamental reason for most of the teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty. It also includes the Tianjin teaching plan. In the analysis of Tianjin's religious case, it is not difficult to see that this case is not blindly directed at all western countries. At that time, the organizers and the majority of the people took French Catholic missionaries and nuns as the main targets of their anger. Therefore, in addition to the analysis of the aggression of western countries in China during the late Qing Dynasty, the author will also review the policy and background of France's missionary policy to China in the 19th century. France, known as the "eldest daughter of the Catholic Church," has historically been an important country in the Catholic diocese. In the early days of the spread of Christianity in China, France gained many benefits. After the Great Revolution, France lost its traditional superiority in the European continent, and the pace of missionary service slowed obviously. After the Opium War between China and Britain in 1840, Western powers such as Britain, the United States, Germany and other Western powers successively entered China through the gunboat policy. Many gains have been made through a series of unequal treaties. France covets their results and fears that if it does not participate in the invasion of the far East, it will lose the opportunity to become a top power again, making it even more distant from other countries. However, France's share of trade in China was very limited at that time, and the treaty of trade with preferential terms was far less significant to France than to Britain and the United States and other countries. Therefore, France's policy was to strengthen its policy of missionary service to China. Through the infiltration of ideas to gain interest in China. In the third part, the author draws closer to Tianjin City in the late Qing Dynasty. Although many teaching plans in the late Qing Dynasty are related to cultural differences and the aggression of Western powers, the most direct causes of each teaching plan are different. The author believes that in Tianjin's teaching plan, A series of social rumours about French Catholicism are the direct cause of its occurrence. To these hearsay discrimination and analysis, can let us have a deeper understanding of Tianjin teaching case.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256
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