光绪帝亲政前的习批奏折探析

发布时间：2018-11-15 19:10

【摘要】：朱批是清代皇帝对奏折给出的处理意见,具备行政命令之效,也是皇帝大权独揽的直接表征。按理,只有在位且亲政的皇帝方有为奏折进行朱批之权。然现存清宫档案显示,光绪帝在亲政前5年,就开始用朱笔批示奏折。比对《随手登记档》、《清实录》、《军机处录副奏折》等档案文献可知,这些朱批并非如之前学者推断的那样,是慈禧太后的手迹,它们出自少年光绪皇帝之手。然而,这些朱批并无行政效力,它们是光绪帝在翁同煝、孙家鼐等帝师的指导下,为成年后亲政进行的所谓"习批折"的政务训练。这种训练起自光绪八年(1882),直到光绪十三年(1887)光绪帝亲政为止。奏折内容,包罗官制、农业、外交、教育等诸多方面,在难度上由浅入深,朱批内容,反映了光绪帝早年的教育实况,也提示着日后他思想的部分源头。
[Abstract]:Zhu criticism is the treatment opinion given by Qing Dynasty emperors, which has the effect of administrative order, and is also a direct representation of the emperor's monopoly of power. As a matter of fact, only the emperors in power and government have the right to approve the books. However, the existing Qing Dynasty archives show that Emperor Guang Xu in the first five years, began to use ink instructions. Comparing with the archives such as "the record of the Register", "the record of the Qing Dynasty", "the record of the military aircraft Department", and other archival documents, we can see that these Zhu criticism is not the handwriting of Empress Dowager Cixi as inferred by previous scholars, but by the hand of the young emperor Guang Xu. However, these Zhu criticism has no administrative effect, they are the so-called "study and criticism" government training carried out by Emperor Guang Xu under the guidance of Emperor Weng Tongwei, Sun Jia-nai and other imperial teachers. This training started from Guang Xu eight years (1882), until Guang Xu 13 years (1887) Guang Xu emperor so far. The contents of the book, including official system, agriculture, diplomacy, education and so on, go from simple to deep in difficulty. The contents of Zhu criticism reflect the educational reality of Emperor Guang Xu in his early years, and also indicate the source of his thoughts in the future.
【作者单位】：华东师范大学历史学系;
【分类号】：K252

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