西藏分裂主义与西姆拉会议

发布时间：2018-12-12 14:16

【摘要】：清末民初,西藏与中央政府的政治关系在发展过程中出现了一系列的曲折和困难。这些曲折和困难在一定程度上是当时动荡不安的社会因素的直接反映,并由此导致西藏产生了向外寻求政治依靠和独立的倾向,这种倾向与其说是文化上的,不如更准确地表达为是政治上的,它从英国入侵西藏到召开西姆拉会议的十几年中表现得尤为明显。此后,为了进一步将“西藏独立”的要求公开化、条约化和“合法化”,在英印政府的策划下,中、英、藏三方于1913年10月在印度西姆拉的麦田宫(Wheatfield House)召开了一次会议,这次会议从形式到内容都十分特殊,其严重违背国际法和国际惯例,最终以谈判破裂告终。西姆拉会议不仅通过中、英、藏三方以平等参身份参与会议,严重干涉了中国的内政,而且还希望划分藏印边界和汉藏边界,严重侵犯了中国的国家主权。西藏分裂主义势力在民国初年的发展严重破坏了国家的统一局面,也弱化了西藏民众统一的政治文化意识,同时也阻碍了构建国族的努力。西藏分裂主义势力寄希望于西姆拉会议以期实现“独立”。虽然会议从内容到流程都违反了国际惯例,却在西藏“独立”的过程中起到了举足轻重的作用。本文首先从三个方面：即清朝末期到民国初期的对臧政策、西藏地方政府的利益和态度、以及英印政府的对藏政策分析西藏分裂主义产生的原因,并证实西藏分裂主义在西姆拉会议召开之前既已存在的事实。西藏分裂主义势力只是希望借助西姆拉会议的召开,从更加公开和主动的角度宣示其“独立”的地位。由此可见,召开西姆拉会议不是西藏分裂主义势力的目的,而是为了达到脱离中国的一种手段和方式。由于受到自身实力的局限,英印政府成了西藏分裂主义势力依附和寻求帮助的对象。但事实上,西藏政府用割让领土的方式换来的却是英印政府的空头支票,而英印政府在这场没有硝烟的战斗中,坐收渔翁之利,既推进了西藏的独立,又以缔结协约的方式攫取了麦克马洪线以南的大片中国领土
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, there were a series of twists and turns and difficulties in the development of the political relations between Tibet and the central government. To a certain extent, these twists and turns and difficulties are a direct reflection of the social factors that were turbulent at that time, and this led to Tibet's tendency to seek political dependence and independence from the outside world, which is not so much cultural as it is. It was more political than it was in the decades between Britain's invasion of Tibet and the Simla Conference. Since then, in order to further make the demand for "Tibet independence" public, treaty-based, and "legalized," under the planning of the British and Indian governments, the Sino-British and Tibetan sides held a meeting in October 1913 at the Rye Field Palace (Wheatfield House) in Simla, India. The conference was very special both in form and content. It was a serious violation of international law and practice and ended in a breakdown of negotiations. The Simla meeting not only adopted the participation of China, Britain and Tibet as equal participants, but also seriously interfered in China's internal affairs, and also hoped to divide the border between Tibet and India and the border between China and Tibet, thus seriously violating China's national sovereignty. The development of the separatist forces in Tibet in the early Republic of China seriously undermined the situation of national unity, weakened the political and cultural consciousness of the unity of the Tibetan people, and hindered the efforts to build a national people. The separatist forces in Tibet have pinned their hopes on the Simla Conference to achieve "independence". Although the conference violated international practice from content to procedure, it played an important role in Tibet's "independence" process. This paper first analyzes the causes of Tibet separatism from three aspects: the Tibetan policy from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, the interests and attitudes of the local governments in Tibet, and the policies of the British and Indian governments towards Tibet. And confirmed the fact that Tibet separatism existed before the Simla meeting. The separatist forces in Tibet only hope to declare their "independence" from a more open and active point of view with the convening of the Simla Conference. It can thus be seen that the Simla conference was not the aim of the separatist forces in Tibet, but rather a means and a way to achieve secession from China. Limited by its own power, the British and Indian government has become the object of dependence and help by the separatist forces in Tibet. But in fact, what the Tibetan government has done by ceding territory is the empty cheque of the British and Indian governments. In this battle without gunsmoke, the British and Indian governments have taken advantage of the fishing industry and pushed for the independence of Tibet. In the form of a treaty, he seized a large area of Chinese territory south of the McMahon Line.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258

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