晚清山东海防炮台建设研究
发布时间：2019-02-19 12:38
【摘要】：海防炮台作为沿海防御的军事工程,在保护沿海居民的生命安全、捍卫海疆权益、维护国家利益方面都起到重要的作用。我国炮台建筑的兴起始自明朝,这一时期由于东部沿海倭寇横行,明朝政府为了有效防御倭寇和西方殖民势力的入侵,在沿海的险要海口、岛屿设置了大量的卫所堡垒,由此形成了早期炮台的雏形。清代将明代的卫所堡垒进一步发扬光大,形成了要塞炮台,炮台的设计结构也进行了优化,逐步形成了一个完整的炮台要塞系统。但这一时期的炮台建设主要出于防卫海盗和维护海疆安全,炮台的修筑水平与西方同时期的要塞炮台相比已经较为落后,而且由于国家多年安定,在康熙年间修筑的炮台大多破败不堪,难以发挥海防堡垒的作用。鸦片战争中,沿海炮台屡屡被英军攻陷,英军在沿海肆意横行,作为海防利器的炮台却没有发挥出应有的作用。在痛定思痛之后,清政府重新认识到海防炮台的重要性,并由此开启了向西方学习军事科技的新时期。从十九世纪中叶开始,清政府不惜重金在东部万里海岸线上修筑了一系列模仿西方的新式炮台要塞,并放弃了清代早期的全面防御,开始实行重点防御,这就避免了海防力量的分散。有效的提升了炮台要塞的总体实力,山东半岛位于渤海沿岸,和辽东半岛共同扼守渤海口,作为守卫京畿的重要区域,其海防重要性不言而喻。自明代以来山东就受到中央政府高度重视,并修筑了大批的城寨、炮台、墩堡等海防设施,构成了严密的沿海防御体系。清代沿袭了明代的海防设施并加以扩建。鸦片战争之后,山东的海防重要性再度得到提升,清政府以山东登州、烟台、威海为重点进行了大规模的海防炮台建设,并引进了西方的先进炮台修筑技术,购置了新式的火炮,一定程度上提升了山东沿海的海防实力。本文主要探讨了晚清时期山东的海防炮台建设过程,全文共分为六部分对晚清时期炮台构筑思想以及炮台修筑技术进步方面对晚清炮台的发展情况进行了分析。通过对晚清时期山东炮台建设情况的论述,可以窥见晚清海防建设的整体进步,也有助于了解晚清时期国防建设的发展情况。
[Abstract]:As a military project of coastal defense, coastal fortress plays an important role in protecting the lives of coastal residents, defending the rights and interests of coastal areas and safeguarding the national interests. The rise of the fortress buildings in China began in the Ming Dynasty. In this period, due to the prevalence of Japanese aggressors in the eastern coast, the Ming Dynasty government set up a large number of fortresses in the dangerous coastal estuaries and islands in order to effectively defend the Japanese aggressors and the invasion of the Western colonial forces. This formed the embryonic form of the early fortress. In the Qing Dynasty, the fortress of the Ming Dynasty was further expanded, and the fortress was formed. The design structure of the fortress was optimized, and a complete fortress system was gradually formed. However, the fortress construction in this period was mainly for the defense of pirates and the maintenance of maritime security. The level of the construction of the fortress was already relatively backward compared with the fortress of the same period in the West, and because of the stability of the country for many years, During the Kangxi period, most of the forts were dilapidated and it was difficult to play the role of a coastal fortress. During the Opium War, the coastal fortress was repeatedly captured by the British army, and the British army ran rampant along the coast, but the fortress, as a sharp weapon of coastal defense, did not play its due role. After learning from the pain, the Qing government rerealized the importance of the artillery fortress and began a new period of learning military science and technology from the West. Since the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government has built a series of new fortress forts on the east coast of the east of Wanli, and abandoned the all-around defense in the early Qing Dynasty, and began to carry out the key defense. This avoids the dispersal of coastal defence forces. Effectively promoted the overall strength of fortress, Shandong Peninsula is located on the coast of the Bohai Sea, and Liaodong Peninsula together to guard the Bohai Sea mouth, as an important area to guard the capital, the importance of its coastal defense is self-evident. Since the Ming Dynasty Shandong has been highly valued by the central government and has built a large number of coastal defense facilities such as forts and piers which constitute a strict coastal defense system. The Qing Dynasty followed the coastal defense facilities of the Ming Dynasty and expanded them. After the Opium War, the importance of coastal defense in Shandong was raised again. The Qing government carried out large-scale coastal defense fortress construction, focusing on Dengzhou, Yantai, and Weihai in Shandong, and introduced advanced western fortress building techniques. The acquisition of new artillery, to a certain extent, the coastal defense strength of Shandong. This paper mainly discusses the construction process of Shandong coastal fortress in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole paper is divided into six parts, and analyzes the development of the turret in the late Qing Dynasty in terms of the thought of building the battery in the late Qing Dynasty and the technological progress in the construction of the battery. Through the discussion on the construction of Shandong battery in the late Qing Dynasty, we can see the overall progress of the coastal defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty, and also help to understand the development of the national defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：E29;K252
本文编号：2426506
[Abstract]:As a military project of coastal defense, coastal fortress plays an important role in protecting the lives of coastal residents, defending the rights and interests of coastal areas and safeguarding the national interests. The rise of the fortress buildings in China began in the Ming Dynasty. In this period, due to the prevalence of Japanese aggressors in the eastern coast, the Ming Dynasty government set up a large number of fortresses in the dangerous coastal estuaries and islands in order to effectively defend the Japanese aggressors and the invasion of the Western colonial forces. This formed the embryonic form of the early fortress. In the Qing Dynasty, the fortress of the Ming Dynasty was further expanded, and the fortress was formed. The design structure of the fortress was optimized, and a complete fortress system was gradually formed. However, the fortress construction in this period was mainly for the defense of pirates and the maintenance of maritime security. The level of the construction of the fortress was already relatively backward compared with the fortress of the same period in the West, and because of the stability of the country for many years, During the Kangxi period, most of the forts were dilapidated and it was difficult to play the role of a coastal fortress. During the Opium War, the coastal fortress was repeatedly captured by the British army, and the British army ran rampant along the coast, but the fortress, as a sharp weapon of coastal defense, did not play its due role. After learning from the pain, the Qing government rerealized the importance of the artillery fortress and began a new period of learning military science and technology from the West. Since the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government has built a series of new fortress forts on the east coast of the east of Wanli, and abandoned the all-around defense in the early Qing Dynasty, and began to carry out the key defense. This avoids the dispersal of coastal defence forces. Effectively promoted the overall strength of fortress, Shandong Peninsula is located on the coast of the Bohai Sea, and Liaodong Peninsula together to guard the Bohai Sea mouth, as an important area to guard the capital, the importance of its coastal defense is self-evident. Since the Ming Dynasty Shandong has been highly valued by the central government and has built a large number of coastal defense facilities such as forts and piers which constitute a strict coastal defense system. The Qing Dynasty followed the coastal defense facilities of the Ming Dynasty and expanded them. After the Opium War, the importance of coastal defense in Shandong was raised again. The Qing government carried out large-scale coastal defense fortress construction, focusing on Dengzhou, Yantai, and Weihai in Shandong, and introduced advanced western fortress building techniques. The acquisition of new artillery, to a certain extent, the coastal defense strength of Shandong. This paper mainly discusses the construction process of Shandong coastal fortress in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole paper is divided into six parts, and analyzes the development of the turret in the late Qing Dynasty in terms of the thought of building the battery in the late Qing Dynasty and the technological progress in the construction of the battery. Through the discussion on the construction of Shandong battery in the late Qing Dynasty, we can see the overall progress of the coastal defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty, and also help to understand the development of the national defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：E29;K252
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