民国时期南京市立救济院研究
发布时间：2019-03-06 09:20
【摘要】：南京国民政府内政部于1928年颁布了第一部社会救济法规,即《各地方救济院规则》,以法令的形式规定成立救济院,救济院开始在全国出现。南京市改组普育堂,成立了南京市唯一的公立救济慈善机关——南京市立救济院。救济院的成立是特定环境下的产物,从微观角度看,南京国民政府定都南京后,南京成为中外观瞻之地,为建设新南京之需要,亟需对首都进行社会改造运动。而各种社会问题的大量存在,迫使政府发挥主导作用,开始对市内传统的社会救济机构进行整合和改进。从宏观角度看,传统的社会救济观念早已不适应近代社会的发展,新型救济理念的兴起、国家救济行政的形成正为救济院的成立提供了契机。南京市立救济院在统一市内各自为政的救济机构的基础上改组成立,隶属于市社会局。南京市立救济院在成立之初困难重重,后在罗冕、王献芬以及傅言任院长时,院务改进方面得以不断发展,形成了一个比较完善的救济院体系,成功实现了由普育堂到救济院的转型。后因南京沦陷,救济院被日伪接管,抗战胜利后才得以恢复,旋即陷入内战的漩涡之中,并于1949年由南京市军事管制委员会和市人民政府接管。抗战前,南京市立救济院下设养老所、残废所、育婴所、妇女教养所、游民习艺所、贫民贷款所、水上救护所、孤儿所(1933年)八所,并于1937年形成三大院所；战后则成立育幼、安老、残废教养、妇女教养、乞丐收容五所及节妇堂。可以说南京市立救济院救济对象不仅涵盖了老弱妇孺等传统的弱势群体,还囊括了一些新的社会弱势群体如妓女、游民、难民以及失业者,救济对象的范围不断扩大；救济的方式多样,消极救济与积极救济并存,并力求积极的救济途径,推动实现救济院的学校化、工场化。管理方面,在组织、人事以及规则方面经过不断的发展与完善,使南京市立救济院得以与时俱进,构建了一个比较完整的管理与救济体系。南京市立救济院在整个南京市的收容救济人数方面占主要地位,充分发挥了救济院的作用,在一定程度上达到“以政治之力济社会之穷”的目标,使之成为南京贫民的“救星”。南京市立救济院树立了现代福利的观念,采用社会调查方法,形成了一套包括院民基本情况、院民教养救济、院民出路的完整的救济流程。在保护处于社会最底层的弱势群体,保障社会公平以及解决南京社会问题方面,都起到了积极的作用。经费是南京市立救济院自始至终发展的瓶颈,经费阙如迫使南京市立救济院组织一再变动,进而制约院务改进效果,而战前战后国内不稳定的环境迫使救济院的工作一再被破坏,民国时期南京市立救济院的政府救济无法达到高度发展的水平。南京为民国首都,其政治形象非常重要,从南京市立救济院的发展历程中可以清晰地看出其重政治、轻社会的倾向,并折射出民国时期政府支持下的传统组织发展的一种现代性缺失。这种缺失导致南京市立救济院发展中存在不足,最明显的表现是救济活动与政治紧密联系在一起,禁娼运动、军事化管理、新生活运动以及保甲制度的实施,使得南京市立救济院在救济的同时,也呈现出一定的惩罚管制特色。
[Abstract]:In 1928, the Ministry of the Interior of the National Government of Nanjing promulgated the first social relief code, namely, the Rules of the Relief of the Local People's Republic of China, which provided for the establishment of a relief hospital in the form of a decree, which began to appear throughout the country. Nanjing, the only public relief charity in Nanjing, was set up in Nanjing, and the only public relief charity in Nanjing was set up. The establishment of the relief house is the product of the specific environment. From the micro point of view, Nanjing, the Nanjing National Government, has become the land of the Chinese and foreign countries. In order to build the needs of the new Nanjing, it is urgent to carry out the social transformation movement to the capital. The existence of various social problems, forcing the government to play a leading role, has begun to integrate and improve the traditional social relief agencies in the city. From the macroscopic point of view, the traditional social relief concept has not been adapted to the development of the modern society and the rise of the new relief concept, and the formation of the national relief administration is providing an opportunity for the establishment of the relief house. The National Relief and Relief Institute of Nanjing was set up on the basis of the local relief agencies in the city, and it is subordinate to the Municipal Social Bureau. At the beginning of the establishment of the National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing, the improvement of the hospital affairs has been continuously developed, and a more complete system of relief institutions has been formed, and the transformation from the PuYutang to the relief hospital has been successfully realized. After the fall of Nanjing, the relief hospital was taken over by the Japanese people, and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was recovered, which was in the vortex of the civil war, and was taken over by the Military Control Commission of Nanjing and the municipal people's government in 1949. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the establishment of the old-age group, the disabled children, the baby-care institute, the women's teaching and raising, the people's learning and art, the poor loans, the water and the orphans (1933), and the formation of the three-compound compound in 1937; after the war, the establishment of the child-care, the old and the disabled, A woman's upbringing, a beggar's house of five, and a woman's hall. It can be said that the relief object of the national relief hospital in Nanjing not only covers the traditional vulnerable groups such as the old and the weak, but also includes some new social vulnerable groups, such as prostitutes, Travellers, refugees and the unemployed, and the scope of relief objects is expanding continuously; the way of relief is diverse, The negative relief and the active relief coexist, and the positive relief way is sought to promote the school and workshop of the relief hospital. The management aspect, through the continuous development and improvement of the organization, the personnel and the rules, has made the national relief hospital in Nanjing to keep pace with the times, and constructed a comparatively complete management and relief system. The National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing occupies a major position in the number of receiving and relief of the whole Nanjing city, giving full play to the role of the relief house, and achieving the goal of the "to take the political power to the poverty of the society" to a certain extent, making it the "savior" of the Nanjing poor. The concept of modern welfare is set up in the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing, and the social investigation method is used to form a complete relief flow including the basic situation of the people, the rehabilitation of the people and the way out of the people in the hospital. The protection of the vulnerable groups at the bottom of the society, the guarantee of social equity and the settlement of the social problems of Nanjing have played a positive role. The fund is the bottleneck of the development of the National Relief and Relief Institute in Nanjing, which has forced the organization of the National Relief and Relief in Nanjing to change repeatedly, and further restrict the improvement effect of the hospital, and the unstable environment in the post-war period of the war has forced the work of the relief house to be destroyed again and again. In the period of the Republic of China, the government relief of the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing was unable to reach the level of high development. Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China, and its political image is very important. It can clearly see the tendency of its heavy political and light society in the course of its development, and reflects the lack of modernity of the traditional organization development under the support of the government of the Republic of China. This deficiency has led to the insufficiency of the development of the national relief hospital in Nanjing, and the most obvious performance is that the relief activities and the politics are closely connected together, the anti-prostitution movement, the militarization management, the new life movement and the implementation of the Baojia system are the same, And a certain punishment control characteristic is also presented.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：R2-09;K262.9
本文编号：2435399
[Abstract]:In 1928, the Ministry of the Interior of the National Government of Nanjing promulgated the first social relief code, namely, the Rules of the Relief of the Local People's Republic of China, which provided for the establishment of a relief hospital in the form of a decree, which began to appear throughout the country. Nanjing, the only public relief charity in Nanjing, was set up in Nanjing, and the only public relief charity in Nanjing was set up. The establishment of the relief house is the product of the specific environment. From the micro point of view, Nanjing, the Nanjing National Government, has become the land of the Chinese and foreign countries. In order to build the needs of the new Nanjing, it is urgent to carry out the social transformation movement to the capital. The existence of various social problems, forcing the government to play a leading role, has begun to integrate and improve the traditional social relief agencies in the city. From the macroscopic point of view, the traditional social relief concept has not been adapted to the development of the modern society and the rise of the new relief concept, and the formation of the national relief administration is providing an opportunity for the establishment of the relief house. The National Relief and Relief Institute of Nanjing was set up on the basis of the local relief agencies in the city, and it is subordinate to the Municipal Social Bureau. At the beginning of the establishment of the National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing, the improvement of the hospital affairs has been continuously developed, and a more complete system of relief institutions has been formed, and the transformation from the PuYutang to the relief hospital has been successfully realized. After the fall of Nanjing, the relief hospital was taken over by the Japanese people, and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was recovered, which was in the vortex of the civil war, and was taken over by the Military Control Commission of Nanjing and the municipal people's government in 1949. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the establishment of the old-age group, the disabled children, the baby-care institute, the women's teaching and raising, the people's learning and art, the poor loans, the water and the orphans (1933), and the formation of the three-compound compound in 1937; after the war, the establishment of the child-care, the old and the disabled, A woman's upbringing, a beggar's house of five, and a woman's hall. It can be said that the relief object of the national relief hospital in Nanjing not only covers the traditional vulnerable groups such as the old and the weak, but also includes some new social vulnerable groups, such as prostitutes, Travellers, refugees and the unemployed, and the scope of relief objects is expanding continuously; the way of relief is diverse, The negative relief and the active relief coexist, and the positive relief way is sought to promote the school and workshop of the relief hospital. The management aspect, through the continuous development and improvement of the organization, the personnel and the rules, has made the national relief hospital in Nanjing to keep pace with the times, and constructed a comparatively complete management and relief system. The National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing occupies a major position in the number of receiving and relief of the whole Nanjing city, giving full play to the role of the relief house, and achieving the goal of the "to take the political power to the poverty of the society" to a certain extent, making it the "savior" of the Nanjing poor. The concept of modern welfare is set up in the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing, and the social investigation method is used to form a complete relief flow including the basic situation of the people, the rehabilitation of the people and the way out of the people in the hospital. The protection of the vulnerable groups at the bottom of the society, the guarantee of social equity and the settlement of the social problems of Nanjing have played a positive role. The fund is the bottleneck of the development of the National Relief and Relief Institute in Nanjing, which has forced the organization of the National Relief and Relief in Nanjing to change repeatedly, and further restrict the improvement effect of the hospital, and the unstable environment in the post-war period of the war has forced the work of the relief house to be destroyed again and again. In the period of the Republic of China, the government relief of the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing was unable to reach the level of high development. Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China, and its political image is very important. It can clearly see the tendency of its heavy political and light society in the course of its development, and reflects the lack of modernity of the traditional organization development under the support of the government of the Republic of China. This deficiency has led to the insufficiency of the development of the national relief hospital in Nanjing, and the most obvious performance is that the relief activities and the politics are closely connected together, the anti-prostitution movement, the militarization management, the new life movement and the implementation of the Baojia system are the same, And a certain punishment control characteristic is also presented.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：R2-09;K262.9
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1 王卫平;论中国古代慈善事业的思想基础[J];江苏社会科学;1999年02期
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1 梁国利;南京国民政府时期江苏省救济院研究[D];苏州大学;2013年
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