晚清南京消防问题研究

发布时间：2019-03-26 21:26

【摘要】：晚清时期,南京城内外火灾的频仍给百姓的生命财产带来了极大威胁。火油的普遍使用、节日用火疏忽、拜教燃火和歹人纵火是火灾多发的几个因素。扑救大火,主要有官方和民间两种力量,其中由城市士绅领导的水龙局在灭火活动中起到了关键性作用;但是,官府和驻防军队在维护灭火活动中的秩序,抢救受灾民众的生命财产中发挥重要作用。而且,官府保持着对水龙局的牢牢控制。官府可以直接插手水龙局的人事任免,裁决水龙局运作中产生的纠纷,也可以依据各水龙局在灭火过程中的表现给予奖励或者惩罚性的措施。在灾后,除了对"火头"采取惩罚外,官府也采取了诸多措施对受灾民众进行钱粮物资上的赈济。但是,在对遭受火灾的民众赈济问题上,当时好像并没有形成一个规范的制度和具体的抚恤标准。在踊跃救火之余,水龙局还创立了专为灾民提供临时居所的暂栖所。在火灾预防上,南京城实行了太平水缸制度。同时,南京城防火措施的实施也充分了发挥保甲组织的高效功能。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, the frequent fire in and out of Nanjing City brought great threat to the people's life and property. The widespread use of fire oil, holiday fire negligence, worship of fire and arson by gangsters are several factors of frequent fire. To fight the fire, there are two main forces, the official and the folk, in which the water dragon bureau, led by the city gentry, plays a key role in the fire fighting activities; However, the government and garrison played an important role in maintaining the order of fire fighting activities and rescuing the lives and property of the affected people. Moreover, the government maintains firm control of the Water Dragon Bureau. The government may directly intervene in the personnel appointment and removal of the water dragon bureau, adjudicate disputes arising in the operation of the water dragon bureau, or give rewards or punitive measures according to the performance of the water dragon bureaus in the process of extinguishing the fire. After the disaster, in addition to "fire" punishment, the government has also taken a number of measures to provide relief to the affected people on money and food supplies. But when it comes to fire relief, there seems to be no standard system and specific pension standards. In addition to fighting the fire, the Water Dragon Bureau also created temporary shelters for the victims. In the fire prevention, Nanjing City implemented the Taiping Water Tank system. At the same time, the implementation of fire prevention measures in Nanjing City also give full play to the efficient function of the organization.
【作者单位】：南京大学历史学系;
【基金】：2013年度江苏省研究生培养创新工程项目“清代南京公共事业研究”的阶段性成果,项目编号为CXZZ13_0025
【分类号】：D691.6;K252

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