抗战时期国民政府政治体制研究
发布时间：2019-06-09 15:10
【摘要】：在长期的革命实践和西方政党政治潮流及苏俄体制的影响下,中国国民党总理孙中山逐渐形成了一套关于国家政体和民主进程的颇有特色的训政构想,这一训政构想为蒋介石为首的国民政府训政体制的形成奠定了理论基础。1928年6月,南京国民政府在形式上完成了对中国的统一后,对外发表宣言,宣布结束“军政”,实行“训政”。此后,在“以党治国”的原则下,在国民政府中,逐步建立起行政院、立法院、司法院、考试院和监察院五院为基础的训政体制。然而,国民党标榜按孙中山建国理论所建立的训政体制,却与孙中山的训政构想有本质区别。以蒋介石为首的国民党摒弃了孙中山主权在民的进步思想内核,在训政的名义下,把政权和治权全部控制在国民党的手中,剥夺了人民的权利,使国民党的权力渗透到社会生活的各个领域,逐步变成了国民党一党专政的独裁统治,特别是随着蒋介石个人权力的不断扩大,这种训政体制又逐渐成为蒋介石个人独裁统治的工具。 抗战时期国民政府的政治体制基本延续着这种训政体制,但由于抗日战争的的爆发使得原有的体制发生了深刻的变化,具有鲜明的特征。 抗日战争全面爆发后,为了适应战争的需要,国家权力需要高度集中和统一,以便协调一致、统一步调,战胜日本帝国主义,取得战争的胜利。与此同时,在民族危亡的情势下,中国共产党和各民主党派、各族各界人民以抗战大局为重,以民族大义为重,捐弃前嫌,纷纷提出拥护国民党、国民政府和蒋介石领导抗战,出现了全民抗战的局面。全国的各种政治力量、军事力量和全国人民被纳入到国民政府的统一领导之下,也为国民政府整合政治力量提供了一个契机。在这种情况下,蒋介石为首的国民政府在原有的以党治国和五院制的训政体制下,利用这个特殊的环境,从1938年召开临时全国代表大会开始,通过对国民党总裁制的确认、军事委员会的改组、党政军一体化的国防最高委员会的建立以及国民政府的改制等政权机构的频行调整,逐渐形成了高度集权的战时体制。这种战时体制的集权程度不仅发展到历史的最高点,蒋介石的个人集权也达到了最高峰。 几经调整形成的战时集权体制,在组织上最终实现了全国政治过程的高度一体化。然而,这一权力的末端却是通过传统宗法关系与整个社会衔接起来的,在中国这样一个人口众多的大国,要把整个国家政权的决策贯彻到社会底层,达到对社会的高度动员,仅仅通过这种联系显然难以达到预期的效果。为此,国民政府采取了一系列的措施,通过强化国民党意识形态的宣传,开展国民精神总动员运动,控制社会团体强化思想统一及其扩大国民党特务组织机构等措施,强化了集权体制对整个社会的政治整合。 在推行战时集权体制的过程中,蒋介石为首的国民政府首先是通过调整各级党政关系,扩大国民党组织规模及组建三青团等措施加强国民党在其政权体系中的地位和作用。其次,为了提高集权体制的效能,又从现代政制运行规则的角度采取了实行行政三联制和分层负责制,推行新县制以及调整和扩充监察制度等一系列措施,力图把国民政府的庞大权力系统建成高效率运行、反应灵敏的中央集权制政权,然而这些努力并未达到预期目的。 无论是集权还是民主体制的国家,在大敌当前之际,都会做出集权和开放的两种政治姿态,集权是为了保证国家政治统治的高效运转,开放则是为了容纳各方势力,增强团结,这一政治现象是统治集团利益与国家利益协调统一的结果。抗战爆发后,以蒋介石为首的国民政府在建立起高度集权的政治体制的同时,为了动员全民抗战,也有限度的让出部分政治资源,使战时国民政府的政治体制中呈现出了相对民主化的趋势。战时国民政府政治体制相对民主化趋势的重要表现就是国民党组建了国民参政会和各级临时参议会,尤其是国民参政会的建立,适应了全中国人民渴望实现政治民主,实现全民族抗战的要求。国民参政会尽管只是一个咨询机构,不具有实权,但从条文及实践的过程看,国民参政会也并非一个独裁政治的骗人招牌,它虽然不是全权的人民代表机构,但在许多问题上也成为监督国民政府行政运作的重要机构,成为各党派社团自由发表政见的论坛,发挥了团结全国军民,坚持全民族抗战,反对妥协投降,坚持抗日民族统一战线,维护国共合作团结抗战大局的作用。考诸南京政府统治中国的22年,此时期也是其政治体制上最“开放”、最“民主”的时期。 抗日战争是一场全民族的解放战争,中国人民经过艰苦卓绝的斗争,最终迎来了胜利,这种胜利的获得不仅是中国人民的积极努力与浴血奋战,而且与国民政府战时政治体制的实行也有着十分密切的关系。国民政府战时政治体制的两方面,对抗战胜利都有一定的积极作用,但同时也存在着严重的弱点和消极影响。我们在评价国民政府的战时政治体制时,应该本着实事求是的态度。与此同时,这种战时条件下形成的政治体制,对战后中国的历史进程也产生了极其深远的影响。 本文旨在通过对抗战时期国民政府的政治体制本身的特征及演变进行系统研究,从现代政制运行规则的角度对抗战时期国民政府推进战时政制采取的措施及其效果进行深入探讨,对这一时期国民政府战时体制中的民主化趋势进行具体考察,从而揭示出国民政府走向衰败的深层原因。 南京国民政府战时政治体制是抗日战争时期社会历史条件的产物。国民党、国民政府、蒋介石的政治威望也在这一时期达到了最鼎盛的程度,国家政治体制一度出现了民主的曙光。但是,国民党、国民政府没有充分利用这些有利的政治资源,没有把握住这一历史的机遇,而是在其政治威望最鼎盛时机,利用其掌控的国家权力坚持一党专政,顽固地坚持所谓的法统,置中国共产党和各民主党派、各族各界的民主要求于不顾,从而也失去了其统治的社会基础,把中国共产党、各民主党派中的绝大多数力量推向自己的反面。最终,使自身的统治葬身在人民革命战争的汪洋大海之中。 总之,抗日战争时期国民政府政治体制运行的实践证明:一方面,国家政权的握有者只要能够真正从国家、民族、人民的利益出发,实行民主、抗战,其政治威望就会空前提高,其统治就会得到人民的拥护;另一方面,不管你手中有多么广大的政治资源,握有多么强大的政治权力,只要你背离了国家、民族和人民的利益,忽视各党派、各族各界的合理诉求,就会遭到广泛的反对,遭到人民的唾弃。
[Abstract]:Under the influence of the long-term revolutionary practice and the political power of the western party and the Soviet-Russian system, Sun Yat-sen of the Chinese Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen, gradually formed a set of new ideas on the national system of government and the democratic process. This precepts laid a theoretical foundation for the formation of the political system of the national government led by Chiang Kai-shek. In June,1928, the National Government of Nanjing completed the unification of China, issued a declaration to the outside world, and announced the conclusion of the "military affairs" and the introduction of the "to take a good command". After that, under the principle of the "to run a country with the Party", in the national government, the system of the administration, the legislature, the court, the examination institute and the five-court of the supervisory hospital is gradually established. However, the Kuomintang list is based on Sun Yat-sen's theory of state-building, but it is fundamentally different from Sun Yat-sen's thought of the rule of law. The Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, abandoned Sun Yat-sen's ideological core of the progress of the people, and under the name of the precepts, the power and the right of administration were all controlled in the hands of the Kuomintang, and the rights of the people were denied, and the power of the Kuomintang was made into various fields of social life. The gradual transformation into the dictatorship of the Kuomintang's one-party dictatorship, especially with the expansion of the individual power of Chiang Kai-shek, has gradually become the tool of Chiang Kai-shek's personal dictatorship. During the Anti-Japanese War, the political system of the national government is basically the continuation of this system, but because of the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the original system has changed deeply, and it has a bright future. In order to meet the needs of the war, the national power needs to be highly centralized and unified in order to meet the needs of the war. At the same time, under the circumstances of the national crisis, the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties, the people of all circles of the various ethnic groups, in the interests of the overall situation of the Anti-Japanese War, and the people of all walks of life, put forward the anti-Japanese war against the Kuomintang, the National Government and the Chiang Kai-shek, and all the people The situation of the Anti-Japanese War. The various political forces, military forces and the people of the whole country are integrated under the unified leadership of the National Government and also provided for the political power of the national government. In such a case, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, took advantage of this special environment under the existing system of the administration of the country and the five-court system, and began the convening of the National Congress of the Kuomintang in 1938, through the confirmation of the President of the Kuomintang, and the Military Commission The reorganization of the members, the establishment of the National Defense Supreme Council of the Party and the Party and the integration of the party and the army, and the frequency adjustment of the political and power organs such as the reform of the national government gradually form a highly centralized The degree of centralization of such wartime system not only develops to the highest point of history, but also the centralization of Chiang Kai-shek's individual. By the time of the time of the time of war, the system of time of war, which has been adjusted to form, finally realized the national politics. The process is highly integrated. However, the end of this power is connected with the whole society through the traditional patriarchal relationship. In such a large populous country, the decision-making of the whole country's power is to be carried out to the bottom of the society. The high mobilization of society, through such a link, is clearly difficult. In order to achieve the expected effect, the National Government has taken a series of measures to strengthen the propaganda of the Kuomintang's ideology, to carry out the general mobilization of the national spirit, to control the social groups to strengthen the ideological unity and to expand the Kuomintang. The organization of the organization and other measures to strengthen the centralized system to the whole In the course of the system of time-of-war centralization, the national government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was first to strengthen the Kuomintang's formation by adjusting the relationship between the Party and government at all levels, expanding the scale of the Kuomintang's organization and the formation of a group of three groups. Second, in order to improve the efficiency of the centralized system, the system of the system of modern political system has taken a series of measures, such as the administration of the triple system of administration and the system of layered responsibility, the introduction of the new county system, the adjustment and extension of the supervision system, and the great efforts of the national government. The system of power has established a highly efficient, responsive and centralized regime, however, Some of the efforts did not achieve the intended purpose. The state of a centralized or democratic system, in the current time of the enemy, will be centralized and open in two political positions, centralized in order to ensure the efficient operation of the country's political rule and to be open In ord to accommodate that forces of the parties and to enhance unity, this political phenomenon is the ruling group. The result of the unity of the interests and the national interests. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, has set up a highly centralized political system, and at the same time, in order to mobilize the whole people's anti-Japanese war, it also has the limited political resources to make the political body of the wartime national government The trend of relative democratization is presented in the system. The important performance of the relative democratization of the political system of the national government in wartime is that the Kuomintang has set up the National Council of the National People's Congress and the Provisional Legislative Council at all levels, in particular the establishment of the National Council of the National People's Political Consultative Conference, which is adapted to the desire of the people of all China to realize the government. The National Council of the People's Republic of China, though only an advisory body, does not have the real power, but from the process of the provision and practice, the National Council of the National People's Congress is not a fake sign of the dictatorship. Although it is not a full-fledged people's representative body, it has also become an important institution to supervise the administration of the national government in many issues, and has become a forum for the free expression of political views of all parties. It has played a part in uniting the whole nation and the people and upholding the whole nation's anti-Japanese war. to surrender, to adhere to the anti-Japanese national united front and to the dimension In the 22-year period in which the Nanjing government ruled China, the period was the most "open" of its political system, and the most "trunk" and "demc" In the period of "", the War of Resistance Against Japan was a war of the liberation of the whole nation, and the people of the Chinese people, through the struggle of the world, finally came to the victory, and this victory was achieved. It is not only the active efforts of the Chinese people and the bloody battle, but also with the National Government in time of war The implementation of the political system has a very close relation, and the two aspects of the national government's wartime political system have a certain positive effect on the victory of the anti-Japanese war. But at the same time, there are serious weaknesses and negative effects. We are evaluating the wartime of the National Government. In the political system, it should be in a realistic attitude. At the same time, the political system formed under the condition of wartime is for the post-war The historical process of the country also has a far-reaching impact. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics and evolution of the political system of the national government during the Anti-Japanese War. The measures and effects of the time-of-war political system are discussed in detail, and the trend of democratization in the wartime system of the national government in this period is given. To reveal the deep reason for the decline of the National Government. The political system of the time of war was the product of the social and historical conditions during the War of Resistance Against Japan. The political prestige of the Kuomintang, the National Government and Chiang Kai-shek was also reached during the period. The most prosperous degree, the national political system once appeared the dawn of democracy. However, the Kuomintang and the National Government did not take full advantage of these favorable political resources, and did not seize the opportunity of this history, but at the most opportune moment of its political prestige, take advantage of its palm The state power controlled by the Communist Party of China and the democratic demands of the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties and all the various circles of the various ethnic groups have also lost the social foundation of its rule and put China together The majority of the forces in the Party and the democratic parties are pushed to the reverse of their own. In a word, the political system of the national government in the period of the Anti-Japanese War has proved that, on the one hand, the political system of the national government has proved that, on the one hand, the people of the state's power can be truly from the state, the people and the people On the other hand, no matter how much political resources you have in your hands, how powerful political power you have, as long as you deviate from the interests of the State, the people and the people , to ignore the parties,
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265;D693
本文编号：2495647
[Abstract]:Under the influence of the long-term revolutionary practice and the political power of the western party and the Soviet-Russian system, Sun Yat-sen of the Chinese Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen, gradually formed a set of new ideas on the national system of government and the democratic process. This precepts laid a theoretical foundation for the formation of the political system of the national government led by Chiang Kai-shek. In June,1928, the National Government of Nanjing completed the unification of China, issued a declaration to the outside world, and announced the conclusion of the "military affairs" and the introduction of the "to take a good command". After that, under the principle of the "to run a country with the Party", in the national government, the system of the administration, the legislature, the court, the examination institute and the five-court of the supervisory hospital is gradually established. However, the Kuomintang list is based on Sun Yat-sen's theory of state-building, but it is fundamentally different from Sun Yat-sen's thought of the rule of law. The Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, abandoned Sun Yat-sen's ideological core of the progress of the people, and under the name of the precepts, the power and the right of administration were all controlled in the hands of the Kuomintang, and the rights of the people were denied, and the power of the Kuomintang was made into various fields of social life. The gradual transformation into the dictatorship of the Kuomintang's one-party dictatorship, especially with the expansion of the individual power of Chiang Kai-shek, has gradually become the tool of Chiang Kai-shek's personal dictatorship. During the Anti-Japanese War, the political system of the national government is basically the continuation of this system, but because of the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the original system has changed deeply, and it has a bright future. In order to meet the needs of the war, the national power needs to be highly centralized and unified in order to meet the needs of the war. At the same time, under the circumstances of the national crisis, the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties, the people of all circles of the various ethnic groups, in the interests of the overall situation of the Anti-Japanese War, and the people of all walks of life, put forward the anti-Japanese war against the Kuomintang, the National Government and the Chiang Kai-shek, and all the people The situation of the Anti-Japanese War. The various political forces, military forces and the people of the whole country are integrated under the unified leadership of the National Government and also provided for the political power of the national government. In such a case, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, took advantage of this special environment under the existing system of the administration of the country and the five-court system, and began the convening of the National Congress of the Kuomintang in 1938, through the confirmation of the President of the Kuomintang, and the Military Commission The reorganization of the members, the establishment of the National Defense Supreme Council of the Party and the Party and the integration of the party and the army, and the frequency adjustment of the political and power organs such as the reform of the national government gradually form a highly centralized The degree of centralization of such wartime system not only develops to the highest point of history, but also the centralization of Chiang Kai-shek's individual. By the time of the time of the time of war, the system of time of war, which has been adjusted to form, finally realized the national politics. The process is highly integrated. However, the end of this power is connected with the whole society through the traditional patriarchal relationship. In such a large populous country, the decision-making of the whole country's power is to be carried out to the bottom of the society. The high mobilization of society, through such a link, is clearly difficult. In order to achieve the expected effect, the National Government has taken a series of measures to strengthen the propaganda of the Kuomintang's ideology, to carry out the general mobilization of the national spirit, to control the social groups to strengthen the ideological unity and to expand the Kuomintang. The organization of the organization and other measures to strengthen the centralized system to the whole In the course of the system of time-of-war centralization, the national government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was first to strengthen the Kuomintang's formation by adjusting the relationship between the Party and government at all levels, expanding the scale of the Kuomintang's organization and the formation of a group of three groups. Second, in order to improve the efficiency of the centralized system, the system of the system of modern political system has taken a series of measures, such as the administration of the triple system of administration and the system of layered responsibility, the introduction of the new county system, the adjustment and extension of the supervision system, and the great efforts of the national government. The system of power has established a highly efficient, responsive and centralized regime, however, Some of the efforts did not achieve the intended purpose. The state of a centralized or democratic system, in the current time of the enemy, will be centralized and open in two political positions, centralized in order to ensure the efficient operation of the country's political rule and to be open In ord to accommodate that forces of the parties and to enhance unity, this political phenomenon is the ruling group. The result of the unity of the interests and the national interests. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, has set up a highly centralized political system, and at the same time, in order to mobilize the whole people's anti-Japanese war, it also has the limited political resources to make the political body of the wartime national government The trend of relative democratization is presented in the system. The important performance of the relative democratization of the political system of the national government in wartime is that the Kuomintang has set up the National Council of the National People's Congress and the Provisional Legislative Council at all levels, in particular the establishment of the National Council of the National People's Political Consultative Conference, which is adapted to the desire of the people of all China to realize the government. The National Council of the People's Republic of China, though only an advisory body, does not have the real power, but from the process of the provision and practice, the National Council of the National People's Congress is not a fake sign of the dictatorship. Although it is not a full-fledged people's representative body, it has also become an important institution to supervise the administration of the national government in many issues, and has become a forum for the free expression of political views of all parties. It has played a part in uniting the whole nation and the people and upholding the whole nation's anti-Japanese war. to surrender, to adhere to the anti-Japanese national united front and to the dimension In the 22-year period in which the Nanjing government ruled China, the period was the most "open" of its political system, and the most "trunk" and "demc" In the period of "", the War of Resistance Against Japan was a war of the liberation of the whole nation, and the people of the Chinese people, through the struggle of the world, finally came to the victory, and this victory was achieved. It is not only the active efforts of the Chinese people and the bloody battle, but also with the National Government in time of war The implementation of the political system has a very close relation, and the two aspects of the national government's wartime political system have a certain positive effect on the victory of the anti-Japanese war. But at the same time, there are serious weaknesses and negative effects. We are evaluating the wartime of the National Government. In the political system, it should be in a realistic attitude. At the same time, the political system formed under the condition of wartime is for the post-war The historical process of the country also has a far-reaching impact. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics and evolution of the political system of the national government during the Anti-Japanese War. The measures and effects of the time-of-war political system are discussed in detail, and the trend of democratization in the wartime system of the national government in this period is given. To reveal the deep reason for the decline of the National Government. The political system of the time of war was the product of the social and historical conditions during the War of Resistance Against Japan. The political prestige of the Kuomintang, the National Government and Chiang Kai-shek was also reached during the period. The most prosperous degree, the national political system once appeared the dawn of democracy. However, the Kuomintang and the National Government did not take full advantage of these favorable political resources, and did not seize the opportunity of this history, but at the most opportune moment of its political prestige, take advantage of its palm The state power controlled by the Communist Party of China and the democratic demands of the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties and all the various circles of the various ethnic groups have also lost the social foundation of its rule and put China together The majority of the forces in the Party and the democratic parties are pushed to the reverse of their own. In a word, the political system of the national government in the period of the Anti-Japanese War has proved that, on the one hand, the political system of the national government has proved that, on the one hand, the people of the state's power can be truly from the state, the people and the people On the other hand, no matter how much political resources you have in your hands, how powerful political power you have, as long as you deviate from the interests of the State, the people and the people , to ignore the parties,
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265;D693
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 赵炎才;;武汉抗战时期政治思想文化特质探赜[J];武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版);2014年01期
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 李晔晔;孙中山地方自治思想与南京国民政府的实践[D];吉林大学;2012年
2 张玉双;国民党中央民众训练机构研究（1927-1938）[D];吉林大学;2012年
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 杨胜莲;湖南省临时参议会研究（1939-1946）[D];湖南师范大学;2013年
2 王欣;董修甲的城市规划思想及其学术贡献研究[D];武汉理工大学;2013年
3 郝钧;民国安徽政区研究[D];安徽财经大学;2014年
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