民初陆军部研究（1912-1916）
发布时间：2019-06-22 12:09
【摘要】：20世纪初是一个剧变和动荡的时代,中华民国政府为了巩固政治统治,提高政府的行政效能,以应付来自国内外的冲击与挑战,依据西方三权分立的政治理念,组建了责任内阁制政府(此后袁世凯将其改为总统制)，，以陆军部为国家最高管理陆军行政机构,行使独立的军政管理权。 本文以民国初期(1912—1916)陆军部为考察对象,以建立现代化国防为切入点,通过对陆军部的沿革、组织职权、制度运行、职员构成及各项围绕国防现代化建设的军事活动展开考察,论述陆军部制度变迁与实际运作,责任内阁制和总统制下陆军部的职权与地位,陆军部与其他部院之间的关系。分析陆军部在制度创新方面的成绩，制度设计与实际运行中的差距,探讨产生差距的深层次原因,并对民初陆军部绩效予以较为客观的评估。 本文认为,陆军部是近代中国从传统向现代转型过程中产生和发展起来的军事行政机构,既带有浓厚的传统色彩,又具有明显的现代性。民国初年,陆军部在制度创新上取得了显著的成绩,不仅创设了具有现代意义上的军衔、抚恤、征兵及财务审核等各项制度,而且还以西方科层制理论为原则,建立具有现代特征的人事管理制度。围绕在建立现代国防前提下的裁遣军队、军事教育、整编军队等军事活动,都获得不俗成绩。 然而,良好的主观动机往往受到客观条件的制约,陆军部出台各种制度预期与实际效果之间存在差距。这是因为民初政局阢陧,陆军部作为掌管全国陆军的最高行政机构,在镇压“二次革命”、“白朗起义”、“护国战争”等三次大规模战争中,陆军部大范围用兵,历时经年,损耗至巨。且陆军部在各种外来因素的干涉下,难以纳入正常轨道。另外,民初地方势力坐大,使陆军部在行使地方军事管理权时处于尴尬境地。概言之,民初政局和转型社会等不利因素,极大地削弱陆军部的成绩。 尽管如此,民初陆军部在军事机构建设与制度设计中的创新及各项军事活动,在近代中国构建国防现代化进程中仍占有重要地位。不仅对民初政府的统治产生了积极影响,而且为此后军事管理机构的设立和国防事业的建设积累了丰富的经验。
[Abstract]:The beginning of the 20th century is an era of upheaval and upheaval. In order to consolidate political rule and improve the administrative efficiency of the government, in order to cope with the impact and challenges from home and abroad, according to the political concept of the separation of powers in the West, the responsible cabinet government was formed (Yuan Shikai changed it into a presidential system), and the Ministry of the Army was used as the highest administrative organ of the state to exercise independent military and political management. Taking the army department in the early period of the Republic of China (1912 / 1916) as the object of investigation, and taking the establishment of modern national defense as the starting point, this paper discusses the institutional change and actual operation of the army department, the power and status of the army department under the responsibility cabinet system and the presidential system, and the relationship between the army department and other departments through the investigation of the evolution of the army department, the organization of power, the system operation, the composition of the staff and various military activities around the modernization of national defense. This paper analyzes the achievements of the army department in institutional innovation, the gap between the system design and the actual operation, probes into the deep-seated reasons for the gap, and makes an objective evaluation of the performance of the army department at the beginning of the Republic of China. This paper holds that the Ministry of military Affairs is a military administrative organization produced and developed in the process of the transformation from traditional to modern in modern China, which not only has a strong traditional color, but also has obvious modernization. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of military Affairs made remarkable achievements in institutional innovation. It not only created military ranks, compassionate, conscription and financial audit systems in the modern sense, but also established a personnel management system with modern characteristics based on the western hierarchical theory. Around the establishment of modern national defense under the premise of the army, military education, the integration of the army and other military activities, have achieved good results. However, good subjective motivation is often restricted by objective conditions, and there is a gap between the expectation of various systems issued by the Ministry of Army and the actual effect. This is because in the early days of the people's Republic of China, the Ministry of the Army, as the highest administrative organ in charge of the national army, used troops on a large scale during the suppression of three large-scale wars, such as the "second Revolution," the "Bailang uprising," and the "War of protecting the country." And under the interference of various external factors, it is difficult for the Ministry of the Army to be included in the normal track. In addition, at the beginning of the Republic of China, the local forces were in an awkward position when exercising local military management power. In short, the political situation and transitional society at the beginning of the Republic of China and other unfavorable factors, greatly weakened the performance of the Ministry of the Army. Nevertheless, the innovation and various military activities of the Ministry of Army in the construction and system design of military institutions in the early Republic of China still played an important role in the process of building national defense modernization in modern China. It not only had a positive impact on the rule of the government in the early Republic of China, but also accumulated rich experience for the establishment of military management institutions and the construction of national defense cause since then.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258.19
[Abstract]:The beginning of the 20th century is an era of upheaval and upheaval. In order to consolidate political rule and improve the administrative efficiency of the government, in order to cope with the impact and challenges from home and abroad, according to the political concept of the separation of powers in the West, the responsible cabinet government was formed (Yuan Shikai changed it into a presidential system), and the Ministry of the Army was used as the highest administrative organ of the state to exercise independent military and political management. Taking the army department in the early period of the Republic of China (1912 / 1916) as the object of investigation, and taking the establishment of modern national defense as the starting point, this paper discusses the institutional change and actual operation of the army department, the power and status of the army department under the responsibility cabinet system and the presidential system, and the relationship between the army department and other departments through the investigation of the evolution of the army department, the organization of power, the system operation, the composition of the staff and various military activities around the modernization of national defense. This paper analyzes the achievements of the army department in institutional innovation, the gap between the system design and the actual operation, probes into the deep-seated reasons for the gap, and makes an objective evaluation of the performance of the army department at the beginning of the Republic of China. This paper holds that the Ministry of military Affairs is a military administrative organization produced and developed in the process of the transformation from traditional to modern in modern China, which not only has a strong traditional color, but also has obvious modernization. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of military Affairs made remarkable achievements in institutional innovation. It not only created military ranks, compassionate, conscription and financial audit systems in the modern sense, but also established a personnel management system with modern characteristics based on the western hierarchical theory. Around the establishment of modern national defense under the premise of the army, military education, the integration of the army and other military activities, have achieved good results. However, good subjective motivation is often restricted by objective conditions, and there is a gap between the expectation of various systems issued by the Ministry of Army and the actual effect. This is because in the early days of the people's Republic of China, the Ministry of the Army, as the highest administrative organ in charge of the national army, used troops on a large scale during the suppression of three large-scale wars, such as the "second Revolution," the "Bailang uprising," and the "War of protecting the country." And under the interference of various external factors, it is difficult for the Ministry of the Army to be included in the normal track. In addition, at the beginning of the Republic of China, the local forces were in an awkward position when exercising local military management power. In short, the political situation and transitional society at the beginning of the Republic of China and other unfavorable factors, greatly weakened the performance of the Ministry of the Army. Nevertheless, the innovation and various military activities of the Ministry of Army in the construction and system design of military institutions in the early Republic of China still played an important role in the process of building national defense modernization in modern China. It not only had a positive impact on the rule of the government in the early Republic of China, but also accumulated rich experience for the establishment of military management institutions and the construction of national defense cause since then.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258.19
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