同光之际清方西北军务中的办捐筹饷研究

发布时间：2019-07-07 21:35

【摘要】： 办捐本即稗政,蠹国害民,为人所共识。清后期嘉道之际,财政状况由盛而衰的情况下,办捐对于财政补助一度相当显著,但从晚清整体来看,其时已是办捐走向冗滥的开始。办捐作为一项仅能应急的筹款方法,长期推行无异于饮鸩止渴。但自咸丰朝为镇压太平天国运动,重开筹饷事例以来,历经咸丰、同治、光绪三朝,捐例众多,冗滥至极。晚清同光之际,为镇压西北回民起事并收复新疆,西北用兵规模庞大,军费浩繁,加之西北几省由于地缘因素自然条件艰苦,物产难比东南数省阜盛,清代历史上本来就有依靠其它省份协济的传统惯例。西北统兵大员不可能象曾国藩、李鸿章在东南镇压太平军那样,在中央放权的前提下坐地筹饷。曾国藩、李鸿章很大程度上自行设法来解决饷需问题,而西北军务饷需问题,只能依赖于外省协饷。由于晚清咸丰时代中央战争协饷体系已崩溃,各省协饷因为各种原因,经常不能及时且如数地解运到陕甘。在协饷不济的情况下,士兵时有哗变,难以将西北的战争维持下去。为了解决镇压西北回民起事及收复新疆军饷来源问题,地方督抚大员如左宗棠、杨岳斌、刘蓉、袁保恒等在争取各省按时充足解足协饷之余,同时求之于其它渠道筹饷,其中之一就是陕甘地方经中央批准在各省开捐筹饷。鉴于陕甘新疆的重要的战略地位,为了支持陕甘新疆的战事,中央政府支持了陕甘办捐筹饷的请求,同时也给予陕甘办捐政策上的支持与变通。晚清同光之际清方西北用兵筹饷中的办捐筹饷活动,涉及政治、军事、财政、科举、铨选、教育等各个方面。此期办捐办捐筹饷起于军费匮乏,收捐条款也不断变化,办捐中所定立的各项收捐标准,收捐减成及米银之间折算也有演变,陕甘为筹饷而形成的庞大的办捐体系与跨越数省的办捐规模也有变化;办捐过程中陕甘与清廷中央及地方收捐、办捐问题上产生了各种利益关系和矛盾;捐项在总体办捐的收入中也有动态变化,办捐成效也有一个动态变化的过程,此期办捐对于军饷补济发挥作用在变化中;办捐对筹集军饷以外其它各方面如吏治、选官、士风、官场有相当在影响;也加重了人民的负担。此期办捐由于处于咸同开捐段的后半期,捐局林立相互之间矛盾不断,办捐筹饷效果却越来越差,效果前后相比差别显著,与历史上的康熙后期到道光之前相比更是所差甚远。而且在办捐问题上,中央地方之间,各地之间矛盾众多,办捐的筹饷成效越来越不理想,其筹饷更多依赖于在对协饷方式基础上进行变通而息借外债的方式,实现饷糈的及时补济。最终在清廷下令停全国办捐之前,陕甘方面就自行奏请停捐,此期办捐成为历史。筹饷、筹款依赖于办捐蠹政害民且收效趋微。但是办捐筹饷、筹款,于晚清并未就此停止,就在清光绪五年之后,天灾、兵事不断,大捐也接连而至,而以办捐筹措应急款项的方法也一直延用到清朝覆亡。
[Abstract]:To make a contribution to the government, to the people of the State and to the people, to the consensus of the people. On the occasion of the late Qing Dynasty, the financial situation was very significant, but in the whole of the late Qing Dynasty, it was the beginning of the long-time donation. To make a contribution as an emergency-only fund-raising method, the long-term implementation is tantamount to drinking and quenching thirst. But since Xianfeng, in order to suppress the movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, after the reopening of the development of the case, it has experienced Xiafeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu three-way, the donor is numerous, the redundancy is extremely difficult. On the occasion of the same light in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to suppress the return of the people in the north-west and to recover the Xinjiang and the Northwest, the scale of the soldiers in the north-west and the large scale of military expenditures, and the hard work of some provinces in the north-western provinces due to the natural conditions of the geo-factors, the production of the objects is more difficult than the Fusheng in the south-east, and the history of the Qing Dynasty had already relied on the tradition of the other provinces. As a rule, the commander of the northwest united army can't, like Zeng Guofang, Li Hongzhang, suppress the Taiping Army in the southeast, and sit on the premise of the central authority. Mr. Zeng Guofang, Li Hongzhang, to a great extent, managed to solve the problem of the problem, and the problem of the northwest military affairs can only depend on the foreign province. Because of the collapse of the Concorde system of the central war in the period of Xianfeng in the late Qing Dynasty, the Concorde in the provinces can not be transported in time and in time, for a variety of reasons. In the case of the Concorde, the soldiers mugged and it was difficult to maintain the northwest war In order to solve the problem of the return of the people in the north-west and the source of the military sources in Xinjiang, the local governor, such as Zuo Zong, Yang Yue-bin, Liu Rong, and Yuan Baoheng, are seeking to fully and fully solve the problems in the provinces on time, and at the same time, to other channels One of them is the central approval of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu Province in the provinces. In view of the important strategic position of the Xinjiang, in order to support the fighting in the Xinjiang, the central government has supported the request of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu- In that light of the late Qing dynasty, the government of the north-western part of the Qing dynasty donated funds to fund the fund, which involved political, military, finance, imperial examination, selection and education. In various aspects, the contribution of the Office to the donation is from the shortage of military expenditure, the provisions of the donation are changing, the conversion between the donation and the rice and silver has also changed, and the huge contribution system formed by Shaanxi-Gansu for the purpose of raising money and the donation rules of the Office of the crossing of several provinces The model also has a change; in the process of the donation, the central and the local collection of the Shaanxi-Gansu and the Qing-tin have resulted in various benefits and contradictions; the donation is also dynamic in the income of the overall donation, and there is a dynamic process in the performance of the donation, which is to be played by the military and the government. To use in a change; to make a contribution to other aspects other than the mobilization of the military, such as the rule of law, the selection of officers, the wind, the official field, and the other. The burden of the people is that the donation is in the second half of the period of the salt and the same time, the donation bureau is a lot of contradiction with each other, the effect of the donation is getting worse, the difference is obvious before and after the effect, and compared with the previous period of Kangxi in the history, the difference is more obvious. There are many contradictions between the central and the central parts of the office, and there are many contradictions between the central and the central parts, and the results of the fund-raising are becoming less and more ideal. It's time to make a timely supplement. In the end, before the Qing Dynasty ordered to stop the national donation, the Shaanxi-Gansu side had to stop the donation. To make a contribution to history. To raise money, fund-raising depends on the donation. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was not stopped in the late Qing Dynasty, but after five years of the Qing Dynasty, the natural disaster, the war of the soldiers and the donation, and the way to fund the emergency fund by the office, were also
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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