总理衙门与美洲华工

发布时间：2019-07-08 18:41

【摘要】：自古以来中国人民就有去海外谋生的传统,鸦片战争之后随着美洲的开发,华工前往美洲谋生的规模日益扩大。而规模不断扩大的出国华工也遇到了许多难题,比如:东南沿海的拐匪猖獗;美国逐渐限制、排斥华工;古巴、秘鲁的虐待迫害华工等等。为了规范华工出国,应对美国、古巴、秘鲁等美洲国家的排华行为,保护华工出国过程中和到达目的地后的权益。总理衙门制定了一系列政策,采取了一系列措施加强对出国华工的管理。在招工方面,制定了招工细则,提高了招工准入条件,并且加大对拐匪的打击力度。在美国排斥华工时,采取与美谈判订立条约,逐步自禁华工的措施。当美国拒绝华工入美之后,总理衙门通过谈判尽量为华工争取权益。当得知古巴、秘鲁虐待迫害华工时,总理衙门派出了陈兰彬和容闳赴古巴、秘鲁调查华工情形。他们的报告有力地驳斥了古巴、秘鲁自称不存在虐待华工的谬论。总理衙门据此与西班牙、秘鲁谈判达成了保护、遣返华工条款。为了更好地处理外交事务和保护出国的华工,经总理衙门奏请,清政府相继在英、法、美、西、秘、墨、古等国设立了公使馆,并在重要城市设立了领事。这些措施的实施,对华工出国起到了很好的规范和保护作用,同时也一定程度上维护了清政府在国际上的形象。由于国际环境及清政府自身的实力不足等原因,总理衙门制定的这些政策存在一定的缺陷,并且对西方国家也作出了不同程度的让步。但总体来讲,总理衙门在规范、保护华工方面发挥了主导作用,这在近代历史上有重大意义。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, the Chinese people have the tradition of going overseas to earn a living. With the development of America after the Opium War, the scale of Chinese workers going to America to earn a living is expanding day by day. Chinese workers abroad have also encountered many problems, such as rampant bandits along the southeast coast, gradual restrictions and exclusion of Chinese workers in the United States, ill-treatment and persecution of Chinese workers in Cuba and Peru, and so on. In order to regulate Chinese workers going abroad, we should deal with the anti-China behavior of American countries such as the United States, Cuba, Peru and so on, and protect the rights and interests of Chinese workers in the process of going abroad and after arriving at their destination. Prime Minister Yamen has formulated a series of policies and taken a series of measures to strengthen the management of Chinese workers abroad. In terms of recruitment, the recruitment rules have been formulated, the conditions for admission to recruitment have been improved, and the crackdown on bandits has been intensified. When the United States rejected Chinese workers, it took measures to negotiate treaties with the United States to gradually ban Chinese workers. When the United States refused to enter the United States, Prime Minister Yamen tried to fight for the rights and interests of Chinese workers through negotiations. When he learned that Cuba, Peru mistreated and persecuted Chinese workers, Prime Minister Yamen sent Chen Lanbin and Rong Hong to Cuba to investigate the situation of Chinese workers in Peru. Their report forcefully refutes the fallacy that Cuba, Peru claims to be free from mistreatment of Chinese workers. On this basis, the Prime Minister Yamen negotiated with Spain and Peru the terms of protection and return to Chinese workers. In order to better handle foreign affairs and protect Chinese workers abroad, at the request of Prime Minister Yamen, the Qing government set up embassies in Britain, France, the United States, the West, Peru, Mexico, Cuba and other countries, and set up consuls in important cities. The implementation of these measures has played a very good role in standardizing and protecting Chinese workers abroad, and at the same time, to a certain extent, it has maintained the image of the Qing government in the world. Due to the international environment and the lack of strength of the Qing government itself, these policies formulated by the Prime Minister Yamen have certain defects, and have also made varying degrees of concessions to western countries. However, on the whole, the Prime Minister Yamen has played a leading role in standardizing and protecting Chinese workers, which is of great significance in modern history.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K256

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