内蒙古地区蒙元城镇研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 07:30

本文关键词：内蒙古地区蒙元城镇研究　出处：《内蒙古大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 古代城镇的研究,是考古学、历史学研究的一个重要方面,城市制度往往反映的是一个王朝政治、军事、经济和文化等各个方面的缩影。内蒙古地区的大部分处于历史学界所惯称的“中国北方长城地带”或者“中国北方长城文化带”之中。这一条形文化分布带在中国历史上有着特殊的意义,是农耕文化与游牧文化的分界带。内蒙古地区汉代以来修筑的城址,以中原王朝抵御北方民族的军事性边城为主。到蒙元时期,内蒙古由以前的边疆地区演变为连接漠北边疆与汉地之间的交通要地,是大元大蒙古国夏都所在地,城镇迅速崛起,为以前历朝历代所罕见,最终出现了一个以上都为中心、以各路级治所和诸王王府为主要依托、辅以府州县治所和各级投下城镇的草原城镇网络。据统计,在今内蒙古境内,蒙元时期的城镇遗址计有85座之多,具有鲜明的地理特征、时代特征和民族特点。前人对内蒙古地区蒙元城镇的研究,多集中于一些个体,如元上都、应昌路、亦集乃路和鄂伦苏木古城等,对它们作综合性研究的著作尚未有见到。因此,在目前考古学资料积累较为充分的情况下,对内蒙古地区的蒙元城镇作一次全面系统的梳理,已是十分必要。本文对内蒙古地区蒙元城镇的研究,主要包括了城镇行政建制考证、分类研究和与城镇相关的政治、军事、经济、文化功用探讨以及城镇居民的社会生活与礼俗等数个方面。蒙元时期的内蒙古地区,分别隶属于中书省、陕西行省、甘肃行省和辽阳行省管辖,东部一带为东道诸王的封地。结合内蒙古地区蒙元城镇的分布,运用历史地理学的方法,对这些城镇的历史沿革、行政建制等一一作了详尽的考证。对于内蒙古地区蒙元城镇的分类研究方面,主要运用了考古类型学的方法,将内蒙古地区的蒙元城镇分为6大类,分别为都城、路府州县设治城镇、投下城镇、屯田城镇、驿站城镇和其他城镇等。部分大类之下还可以细分为若干小类,如路府州县设治城镇下可再分为路级、府级和县级三类治所城镇。对于这些不同类别的城镇,从其规模、布局和保留下来的遗存等方面作了综合研究介绍。对于城镇政治、军事、经济、文化状况的研究以及对城镇居民社会生活与礼俗的探讨,则采用了考古学资料与历史学史料相结合的方法,即前人所谓的“二重证据法”。在政治、军事、经济和文化等方面,内蒙古地区的蒙元城镇可以概括出五点显著的特征:①一些投下城镇虽列入国家的统一行政建制,但其本质无异于贵族的私家财产,城市的功能也主要是为贵族家族设置的。②路府州县设治城镇以沿袭金代和西夏的同级城池为主,它们的布局受制于前代的规模,和辽金、西夏有文化上的传承性。这些城镇与其北部的投下城镇相互辉映,体现了蒙元王朝“内蒙外汉”的二元政治体制特点。③发现的大量中、小型城镇,有的行政建制虽无法确认,但可以肯定的是,它们大多为军事屯田所或驿站,军事性是其第一特征。政治性和军事性是中国历代城镇的主要特点,在内蒙古地区的蒙元城镇中亦有着明显的体现。④漠南是世祖忽必烈的发迹之地,与漠北一样受到优待,汉地的财富被大量地运到这一地区,供诸王贵族挥霍享用,城市经济一度繁荣。农民起义军讨元檄文中“贫极江南,富称塞北”的说法,并非不实夸张之辞。⑤宗教信仰具有多元性,对各类宗教和神祗兼收并蓄。蒙元城镇居民的社会生活与礼俗方面,从考古学上观察,分布于城镇周边的墓葬是最为直观的内容。生居死葬,在这些城镇的周边,往往会保留下来成片的同时期居民墓地,有蒙古贵族与平民的墓葬,有汉人贵族官僚与平民的墓葬,也有汪古部族和回回民族的墓葬。这些不同民族、不同阶层居民的墓葬,在埋葬结构、随葬品内容等方面各不相同,除切实地展示出他们五花八门的丧葬习俗外,还隐藏着许多反映当时社会生活的内容。城镇居民的衣食住行是社会生活与习俗方面探讨的重要内容,经考古发掘的元上都、集宁路和燕家梁遗址等,出土的大量遗迹遗物,与史料记载互相印证、补充,呈现出一幅幅鲜活的城镇居民社会生活画面。对于内蒙古地区蒙元城镇的研究,有助于进一步理解蒙元帝国的形成、发展与北遁的历史进程,对于今天内蒙古自治区的城镇建设也具有一定的参考价值。
[Abstract]:The study of ancient towns is an important aspect of Archaeology and historical research. Urban system often reflects the epitome of a dynasty's politics, military, economy and culture.
Most of Inner Mongolia is in the "the Great Wall belt of northern China" or "North China the Great Wall culture belt", which is commonly used by historians. This cultural distribution belt has a special significance in Chinese history, which is the dividing line between farming culture and nomadic culture.
Inner Mongolia city built in the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains Dynasty against the North ethnic military border. To the Yuan Dynasty, the evolution of Inner Mongolia by the former border area for the connection between the Chinese frontier and Mobei transportation site, is located in Mongolia Dayuan Xia Town, the rapid rise of previous dynasties are rare. Finally there is a more than as the center, to the level of the kings palace and legacy as the main support, supplemented by the county government, government and all levels of investment under the town grassland town network. According to statistics, in present-day Inner Mongolia, the Yuan Dynasty ruins of the town a total of 85 seats, with distinct geographical features. The characteristics of the times and national characteristics.
The previous research on Inner Mongolia region in the yuan town, more concentrated in some individuals, such as the yuan, should Chang Road, yijinailu road and Hubei Lun hematoxylin such as the ancient city of comprehensive, their research works have not been seen. Therefore, in the current archaeological data accumulated more fully under the condition of a comprehensive analysis of Inner Mongolia area in Yuan Town, it is very necessary.
In this paper, the study of the monyuan town in Inner Mongolia area mainly includes textual research on urban administrative system, classified research and related political, military, economic and cultural functions related to towns, as well as social life and etiquette and custom of urban residents.
The Yuan Dynasty in Inner Mongolia area, belonging to the Secretariat, Shaanxi Province, Gansu province and Liaoyang province respectively, as the host of the kings of the East Inner Mongolia area. Combined with the distribution of land area in Yuan Town, using the method of historical geography, the history of the town along the leather, the administrative system were made a detailed textual research.
For the classification of Inner Mongolia region in the yuan town, mainly using the method of archaeological typology, the Inner Mongolia area of the Mongolian Yuan town is divided into 6 categories, respectively, the capital, state and County Rd rule cast towns, towns, farming towns, towns and other post towns. Some categories have can be divided into several categories, such as the state and County Rd rule under the town can be divided into government and county level road, three kinds of legacy town. For these different categories of towns, from its size, layout and the preserved remains as a comprehensive study.
For the study of town politics, military, economic and cultural conditions and the exploration of social life and etiquette and custom of urban residents, archaeological data and historical materials are combined.
In the political, military, economic and cultural aspects, Inner Mongolia area in Yuan town can be summed up five significant features: some cast towns included in the national unity is the administrative system, but its essence is tantamount to the nobility of private property, the function of the city is mainly set up for your family. The Road County government is to follow the rule of urban city Jin and Xixia, their layout is subject to the previous generation scale, and Galerkin, inheriting the Xixia Culture. These towns and towns north of the cast embraced embodies two yuan political system Mongolia Yuan Dynasty "Inner Mongolia Han Dynasty" a large number of small towns. In the discovery, some of the administrative system is unable to confirm, but it is certain that they are mostly military or military garrison post, is the first characteristic. The political and military is the main characteristic of Chinese ancient town In the area of Inner Mongolia, yuan town also has obvious manifestation. The desert south of Kublai Khan is the fortune of the land, and as Mobei favored, Chinese wealth was largely transported to the area for the enjoyment of the kings of the nobility profligacy, the city economic prosperity. Once the uprising yuan for farmers in "extremely poor official accusation of Jiangnan, Fu said that the north" is not an exaggeration. The reality of religious pluralism, various types of religious gods and eclectic.
The social life and customs of Mongolian Yuan of urban residents, from the observation of archaeology, distributed in the towns surrounding the tomb is the most intuitive content. Students in the dead and buried, around the towns, often retained a cemetery in Mongolia residents during the same period, nobles and civilians had Han tombs, bureaucrats and nobles civilians are ancient tombs, Wang clan and the Hui nationality tombs. These different ethnic groups, different levels of residents in the tombs, burial structure, content and other aspects of funerary objects are different, in addition to show they all kinds of funeral customs, many hidden reflected social life of urban residents. The basic necessities of life is an important part of social life and customs, the archaeological excavation of the yuan, Jining road and Yan Jialiang ruins, unearthed relics relics, historical records and mutual supplement is confirmed A vivid picture of the social life of urban residents.
The study of monyuan town in Inner Mongolia area helps to further understand the formation and development of the Yuan Yuan Empire and the historical process of the North dun. It also has a certain reference value for today's urban construction in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K247;K29

【引证文献】