明清至近代土家族宗法制度初探

发布时间：2018-01-13 20:08

本文关键词：明清至近代土家族宗法制度初探　出处：《广西师范大学》2000年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 宗法制度是在中国历史上存在了几千年，对社会的政治、经济、军事、文化影响特别深远的一种政治制度和社会制度。它是以父权、族权为特征的，包含有阶级对抗内容的家族宗族制度。长期以来，国内外学者对宗法制度的研究方兴未艾，但至今还没有人研究过土家族的宗法制度，笔者在这方面的研究以求填补史学领域的此项空白。土家族自古以来生息繁衍在湘、鄂、川、黔四省毗连的武陵山区，是一个典型的山地农耕少数民族。史学界大多数学者都认为，土家族是以古代巴人为主体，逐渐融合其它族类而形成的。土家族的宗法制大约萌芽于父权家长制大家庭组织之中，原始宗法制在巴子国时期确立，在土司时期逐步崩溃而被封建宗法制所取代，同时，宗法封建关系也广泛发展起来了。新中国成立后，土家族宗法制才土崩瓦解。明清至近代，土家族宗法制度在其发展过程中受到汉族封建文化的强烈影响。土家族的宗法制由宗祠、族产、族谱、族规和族长等五个要素构成。家——房——族是土家族宗法组织的基本模型；族产是一个家族的公共财产，是家族凝聚的物质基础，是维护宗法制存在的经济条件；宗祠是宗法制度的物化标志，是家族的象征和中心，是家族进行宗法活动的场所；族谱是记载和联系宗族家族成员的谱牒，是巩固家族的血缘纽带，族长通常由选举产生，享有主持祭祀、管理族产、调解纠纷和制定修改执行族规等特权，族权成为奴役族众的一大绳索；族规是维护宗法统治的根本大法，是家族成员在日常生活中必须遵守的基本准则。土家族的宗祠、族产、族谱、族规和族长存在着与汉族宗法制表现形态相一致的共性。婚姻是人类繁衍后代、组建家庭、构建家族的基础。土家族婚姻习俗中亦存在着姑表优先婚、收继婚、抢(亲)婚、早婚、聘娶婚等多种婚姻形式，这些婚俗都反映了族权、父权、夫权是缔结婚姻的主宰，女子实质上沦为了生儿育女、传宗接代的工具。土家女子的哭嫁歌也充满了宗法的内容，是一部封建宗法社会的控诉书。土家族的生育习俗浸染着祈求实现宗祧继承的宗法思想。民间财产继承实行兄弟析产的男系继承制，女子没有继承权，族亲姻亲享有一定的继承权。土家族的丧葬祭祀习俗是一部民族文化积淀厚重的历史画卷，在这部历史画卷之中，充满了族权、父权、神权的烙印。兴而复衰的土家族土司制度中亦存在着宗法形态，这突出地表现在两个方面：一是官族的地位继承与财产继承相结合，政权与族权相结合；二是宗法封建关系在土司制度中广泛存在，土官对土民、士兵、家奴实行残暴的政治统治、残酷的经济压榨、严厉的文化思想禁锢。宗法制之所以能长期存在于土家族社会之中，其主要原因在于土家族社会的封闭性、农耕性、自给性、静止性和落后性。由于土家族社会形态演变的滞后性、山地文化圈的闭锁性、封建王朝民族政策的特殊性和土家族社会长期的落后性，使得土家族宗法制存在形态，除了与其它民族有共性外，还具有自己鲜明的个性：原始婚态遗存较多，妇女地位相对重要；敬祭家祖、兴建祠堂、赶修家谱之风，起步晚而发展快；神权统治较为严密。鉴于目前中国史学界在宗法研究中仍存在分歧，本文从马克思主义基本理论和具体史实出发，对晁福林先生关于宗法起源和本质的错误观点予以辩驳。总之，宗法制贯穿于土家族民间和土司官族两大社会系统之中。研究土家族宗法制，揭示其存在形态的一般规律，探索士家族宗法制长期存在的原因，，探求土家族宗法制的恃殊性及其成因．驳正目前史学界关于宗法制起源和本质的错误观点，对于推动宗法制研究和民族史研究的展拓、深入，批判地继承民族传统文化，促进民族文化的繁荣与发展，服务于当今社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设，都具有极为重要的现实意义。
[Abstract]:The patriarchal system is existed in Chinese history for thousands of years, the social politics, economy, military, culture and particularly profound influence of a political system and social system. It is characterized by patriarchy, clan authority, contains the class antagonism family clan system. For a long time, domestic and foreign scholars on the patriarchal system the just unfolding, but no one has studied the Tujia nationality's patriarchal clan system, the research in this area in order to fill the historical field of this gap.
Tujia since ancient times lived in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou Province, four adjacent mountains of Wuling, is a typical mountainous farming ethnic minorities. Most scholars historians believe that Tujia is the ancient Ba people as the main body, the gradual integration of other species formed. Tujia clan system originated from patriarchy about the patriarchal family organization, primitive clan system in Pakistan country establishment period, in the period of progressive collapse is chieftain Feng Jianzong legal replaced at the same time, the feudal patriarchal relationship is widely developed. After the founding of new Chinese, Tujia and the patriarchal clan system only fall apart.
Ming Dynasty, Tujia clan system is strongly influenced by the feudal culture of Han people in the process of its development. The Tujia clan system by production, genealogy, ancestral hall, composed of five elements. The patriarch clan rules and family - the real family is the basic model of Tujia clan organization; family is a family of public property property is the material foundation of family cohesion, is to maintain the existing patriarchal economy; the ancestral hall is the materialization of the patriarchal system and the center mark, is a symbol of family, is a family of patriarchal clan activities; genealogy records and family members of the clan genealogy, is to strengthen family ties of blood, usually by the chief election enjoy, presided over the sacrifice, production management, dispute mediation and amending laws and executive privilege, a large family clan become enslaved all the rope; rules is to maintain the fundamental law of patriarchal clan rule, are members of the family The basic principles to be observed in daily life. The Tujia ancestral hall, production, genealogy, clan rules and patriarch are consistent with Han patriarchal forms in common.
Marriage is the human reproduction, family, building the basis of family. There is also a Tujia marriage customs in stead of priority levirate marriage, rob (pro), marriage, marriage, betrothal marriage and other forms of marriage, the marriage reflects the patriarchal family, marriage, husband is the master of women substantially reduced to children, their tools. Tujia Wedding lament is full of patriarchal content, is a feudal patriarchal society of the indictment.
Tujia birth custom dip made successive patriarchal ideology. The brothers of the folk property inheritance in the male line of succession, no women's inheritance rights, their marriage has certain inheritance. The funeral ritual customs of the Tujia people is a national cultural heritage in history, in this historical picture. That is full of family, patriarchy, theocratic mark.
Xing and Tujia Tusi system decline in there is a patriarchal form, this displays prominently in two aspects: one is the official family status inheritance and property inheritance combined with the combination of clan regime; two is the patriarchal feudal relationship exists in the Tusi system, local officials of local people, soldiers and slaves the implementation of brutal political rule, brutal economic press, severe cultural ideological shackles.
The patriarchal clan system has been able to persist in the Tujia society, the main reason is that the closure of the Tujia society, farming, self-sufficiency, static and backward. The evolution of Tujia society lag, closed mountain cultural circle, the feudal dynasty national policy particularity and Tujia Society for a long time the backward, the Tujia clan system form, in common with other ethnic groups, but also has its own distinct personality: the original marriage state remains more, the status of women is relatively important; to sacrifice family ancestors, building the ancestral hall, catch the genealogy of the wind starts late but develops quickly; theocracy is strict.
In view of the current differences in the study of the patriarchal clan of Chinese historiography, this article starts with the basic theory of Marx's doctrine and the concrete historical facts.
The wrong view of Mr. Chao Fulin on the origin and nature of the patriarchal clan was refuted.
In a word, the patriarchal system runs through the two social systems of the Tujia folk and the Tujia official. The study of the Tujia clan system reveals its existence.
In the general form of law, and explore the reasons for the long-term existence of the patriarchal family, and explore the Tujia clan system relies on the special barge and its causes.
At present, the wrong views on the origin and nature of the legal system in the history circle are deep into the development of the research of the patriarchal legal system and the history of the nation.
Enter, critically inherit the traditional culture of the nation, promote the prosperity and development of the national culture, and serve the material civilization and spirit of today's Socialism
The construction of civilization is of great significance.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：K287.3

【引证文献】