“山西村治”：国家行政与乡村自治的整合（1917-1928）

发布时间：2018-04-01 22:30

本文选题：山西村治　切入点：国家行政　出处：《首都师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 自1917年至1928年,阎锡山主政下的山西行政当局进行了内容广泛的村政改革与村治建设,开展了影响深远的村自治运动,史称“山西村治”。这种改革与建设是清末以来的地方政治改革的延续,也是阎锡山治晋理念的具体实践。“山西村治”一方面继承了中国强势国家行政与乡里自治的传统,另一方面也吸收了近代西方的民主法制和地方自治理念,并借鉴了日本的町村制度。其宗旨是谋求将国家行政与乡村自治进行整合,以实现国家对乡村的有效管理和乡村社会自身的有序发展。纵观近现代历史,中国近代的地方行政体制改革和乡村社会制度改革,核心问题是国家行政与乡村社会的有效整合。而“山西村治”运动的宗旨恰好与之共通,可以说“山西村治”正是近现代中国整合国家与社会的一个典型范例。笔者在本文中,从国家行政深入乡村社会、建立村民自治、整合乡村社会势力和运用行政力量推动文化变革四个方面对“山西村治”进行了系统的专题研究。具体内容如下: 第一章:叙述山西的历史地理特点、传统社会乡村组织的特点以及近代山西乡村社会政治、经济危机,勾画山西村治的历史背景。第二章:介绍“山西村治”运动的倡导者、运动的发展过程及主要内容。第三章:剖析“山西村治”运动倡导者运用行政力量将山西乡村社会事务纳入国家行政。通过强化省级行政的乡村管理职能、创设区一级行政、建立具有双重性质的行政村,将乡村社会事务的治理作为县区行政的中心工作,从而根本改变了传统社会县以下不设治,很少履行乡村社会建设职能的局面,基本实现了将乡村社会事务纳入国家行政的行政改革目标,为深入推进村治提供了政治前提和基本保证。第四章:首先介绍了村自治制度设计的具体内容——通过建立村公所、村民会议、村监察委员会、息讼会、保卫团、村禁约等一整套具有现代民主、法制意义的村自治制度,尝试在中国传统的乡村“自治”之上,嫁接西方的地方自治制度,实现乡村社会的有序化。其次,通过官方资料和学者调查资料,全面反映村自治的具体实施情况,总结各县制度实施的具体特点。再次,分析并揭示“山西村治”运动体现的注重传统与现代的结合、注重普通民众的“直接民权”、“官治”渗透自治三个突出特点。第五章:“山西村治”培育、吸纳学生、教员和商人参与村政改革和乡村建设,同时对士绅、家族势力和旧乡地人员根据情况实行打击、改造和利用政策,较大程度地将国家行政之外的各种社会势力纳入了国家行政的轨道。第六章:村治运动中,山西行政当局顺应当时历史潮流,运用行政力量,通过兴办各项教育事业、革新传统道德、伦理和风俗,进行了一场轰轰烈烈的社会文化变革,试图从根本上解决传统科学技术落后、农村人才匮乏、观念保守落后等问题。第七章:从政治、经济、社会、文化四个角度评价“山西村治”的得失,进而阐释“山西村治”的现实意义。 “山西村治”在当时对其他省区乃至全国的县政和乡村建设,都产生了不可忽视的影响;对于今天的地方行政改革和农村基层民主建设,也有极强的借鉴意义。它所反映的中国农村政治、经济、社会、文化等问题,时至今日依然或多或少地存在着,通过对“山西村治”的全面分析,尤其是通过分析其面临的时代困局以及实施困境,有助于我们更清楚地认识当前乡村基层改革与建设中所面临的问题,启发更深入的思考。在研究中,笔者力求在理论构建、方法选择等方面有所创新。大体而言,主要体现在以下两个方面: 一、选取新的研究视角。笔者尝试从历史宏观的角度研究民国时期(1917-1928)“山西村治”运动,全面揭示其政治、经济、社会和文化问题,力图彻底摆脱单纯以阶级斗争、民族意识为主线的研究思路和方法。从历史和现实的思考中,综合运用历史学、政治学、社会学、经济学、文化学理论,构建国家行政与乡村自治整合这一理论框架,并用该理论框架来审视和评价所研究的历史事件。二、学术观点、理论有所创新。笔者首次在论文中揭示民国时期(1917-1928)“山西村治”运动的内在精神为山西改革者试图通过整合国家行政、地方自治、乡村社会势力,建设乡村经济和建构乡村社会文化,来建设一个有效的国家行政和有序的乡村社会,并在构建整合国家行政与乡村社会理论框架的基础上对该历史事件进行评价,以期为当代国家基层行政改革与“村民自治”提供了历史借鉴和现实的思考。
[Abstract]:From 1917 to 1928, the Shanxi administration under the government of Yan Xishan conducted extensive reform of the village government and village construction, carry out the village autonomy movement far-reaching, known as the "village autonomy of Shanxi". This is a continuation of the reform and construction of the local political reform since the end of the Qing Dynasty, it is the practice of Yan Xishan Zhi Jin the concept of "village autonomy of Shanxi" on the one hand, inherited the China strong national administration and village autonomy tradition, on the other hand also absorb the democratic legal system and local autonomy in the west, and from the Japanese village system. Its purpose is to seek the integration of national administration and village autonomy, in order to achieve the orderly development the state of the country's efficient administration and rural society itself.
Throughout the modern history, Chinese modern reform of local administrative system and rural social system reform, the core issue is the effective integration of national administration and village society. "Village autonomy of Shanxi" movement coincided with the common purpose, it can be said that the "village autonomy of Shanxi" is a typical example of modern China and the integration of the state the society. In this article, from the State Administration into the rural society, the establishment of integrated rural villagers' autonomy, social forces and the use of administrative power to promote the four aspects of cultural change is a monographic study on the system of "village autonomy of Shanxi". The specific contents are as follows:
The first chapter describes the historical and geographical characteristics of Shanxi, the characteristics of the rural organizations in the traditional society, the social politics and economic crisis in modern Shanxi, and outlines the historical background of Shanxi's village governance.
The second chapter introduces the initiator of the "Shanxi village governance" movement, the development process and the main content of the movement.
The third chapter: analysis of "village autonomy of Shanxi" advocates the use of administrative power to Shanxi rural social affairs into national administration. By strengthening the provincial administrative villages management function, the creation of the district level administrative establishment, with the dual nature of the administrative villages, the rural social affairs governance as the county administrative center, which changed the traditional society in the county following no rule, rarely fulfill the rural social construction function of the situation, the basic realization of the rural social affairs in the national administrative administrative reform goal, to further promote the village governance and provides the basic guarantee of political premise.
The fourth chapter introduces the specific by setting up the village, the villagers meeting content design of village autonomy system, village commission, interest litigation, security group, village about a set of modern democracy and legal significance of village self-government system, trying to Chinese traditional village autonomy, local autonomy on the west, realize the orderly rural society. Secondly, through the official data and scholars survey data, the specific implementation of a comprehensive reflection of the situation of village autonomy, summarize the specific characteristics of the implementation of the system of counties. Thirdly, the paper reveals the "village autonomy of Shanxi" pay attention to the combination of traditional and modern, pay attention to ordinary people "the civil rights", "official governance" penetration of autonomy has three prominent characteristics.
The fifth chapter: "village autonomy of Shanxi" to cultivate, recruit students, teachers and businessmen to participate in the reform of village administration and village construction, and the gentry, family forces and old country personnel according to the implementation of combat, the transformation and utilization policy, greatly to various social forces outside the State Administration into the national administrative track.
The sixth chapter: the movement of village governance in Shanxi, the administrative authorities conform to the historical trend of the time, the use of administrative power, through the establishment of various education, reform the traditional morality, ethics and customs, carried out a field with vigour and vitality social and cultural change, trying to fundamentally solve the traditional backward science and technology, rural talent shortage, problems of concept of conservatism.
The seventh chapter is to evaluate the gains and losses of "Shanxi village governance" from four angles of politics, economy, society and culture, and then explain the practical significance of "village governance in Shanxi".
"Shanxi village" at the time of the other provinces and even the county and village construction, has the effect can not be ignored; for today's local administrative reform and the construction of rural grass-roots democracy, also has a very strong reference. It reflects the China rural politics, economy, society, culture and other issues, to today still exists, through a comprehensive analysis of "village autonomy of Shanxi", especially through the analysis of the predicament of the times and implementation difficulties, it will help us better understanding of facing the current rural grassroots reform and problems in the construction, more in-depth thinking inspiration.
In the study, the author tries to make some innovations in theory construction and method selection. In general, it is mainly embodied in the following two aspects:
A, select a new research perspective. The author tries to study the period of the Republic of China from the macro perspective of history (1917-1928) "Shanxi village" movement, reveal its political, economic, social and cultural issues, trying to get rid of the class struggle, research ideas and methods of the national consciousness as the main line. From the historical and realistic thinking in the integrated use of history, political science, sociology, economics, cultural theory, the construction of national administration and village autonomy is the integration of the theoretical framework, and use the theoretical framework to examine and evaluate the historical events.
Two, academic point of view, theory innovation. The author reveals for the first time in the period of the Republic of China (1917-1928) "the spirit of" village autonomy of Shanxi sports for the Shanxi reformers tried to integrate the State Administration, local self-government, rural social forces, the construction of rural economy and the construction of rural social culture, to build an effective national administration and order of the rural society, and to evaluate the historical events in the foundation of the integration of the State Administration and the rural society on the theoretical framework, in order to provide historical reference and practical thinking for basic administrative reform of contemporary countries and "villager autonomy".

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K26;K292.5

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