共和国初期北京市城区基层政权建设研究（1949-1954）

发布时间：2018-05-02 05:42

本文选题：共和国初期 + 北京市　；参考：《首都师范大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 晚清以来,中国的城市基层行政管理体制开始由传统向现代转变。为了增强社会控制和抽取基层资源,国家政权竭力向基层扩张,加强了城区基层政权建设。抗战胜利后,国民党在北平市城区建立了基层政权,并形成了党、政两套控制体制。国民政府在北平设置了基层政权,其特点可以概括为四句话:力量薄弱的区公所;背离初衷的保甲制度;相对完整的警察系统;虚弱的党务系统。事实上,国民政府在北平城区的基层建政并不成功。 1949年1月31日,北平和平解放。没有城市管理经验的中共面临着严峻的考验,如何建立符合中共自身运作,又适合大城市管理特点的基层政权成为了中共的重要任务。在城市基层行政管理体制上,中共北平市委向各区派遣了区工作委员会,按照农村革命根据地的经验,在北平成立了市政府—区政府—街政府三级管理体制的政权。很快,中共认识到这种模式不适合以“集中”为特点的城市,因此不断调整。到1954年,北京市城区基层政权基本定型:区成为了一级政权的地位已经确定,机构设置不断完善,城区区划不断调整,并形成了以中共区委为核心的运作机制;在街道管理体制上,街道办事处和居委会管理体制形成标志着中共管理街道的体制基本定型。中共政权要获得大多数北京市民的支持就必须切实为大多数群众解决实际问题。中共基层政权在入城之后的施政工作主要从如下三个方面逐步开展:秩序建设、政权的常规工作与组织群众运动。中共建立的城区基层政权的施政方式既有一般基层政权的共性,也有中共自身特殊性,这种特殊性是由于其政权性质、政权建设的目的和运作方式的不同而出现的。中共的基层党员与基层干部建设是基层政权建设的重要组成部分。中共在北京基层建政的成功与中共在北京市组建和培养了一支合格的基层干部队伍和基层党员队伍密切相关。共和国初期,北京市基层政权的干部主要有三个来源:参与和平接管的干部、留用人员与进城之后不断地吸收新的干部。中共通过其组织的优势将这三种力量组成了一个富有战斗力的团体。作为一个执政党,其运作方式发生了很大转变,中共党支部的公开、地下党员找接整编、基层党员在城区的扩张、党员的整顿与教育明显体现了这种变化。通过党的建设,中共将自己的力量渗透到了城区的各个角落,中共的政策得到有力的贯彻,中共的意识形态得到了有效的渗透,基层政权也加强了对北京市城区的整合能力,基层政权得以巩固。共和国初期,北京市各区实行区各级人民代表会议的基层政权组织形式,其是人民代表大会形成和发展的历程中基层政权的一种过渡的组织形式。“协商”是中共民主的核心,区各界人民代表会议通过协商选举了两次区政府委员,在各界的协商下,各区区政府委员选举的结果基本上符合中共对新民主主义政权的设计。区各界人民代表会议是一个民意机构,但理论与实践总是有一段距离,中共基层政权在实际运作中逐步地将区各界人民代表会议变成了推动中心工作、实现社会动员的一个机构。中共建立的基层工会在基层建政过程中发挥了重要作用。中共为了获得工人支持,组建中共自己领导的工会成为了中共进城之后一个重要任务。中共成立了行政机构——工会办事处,并在各大厂和各行业建立了群众组织——基层工会。共和国初期,基层工会主要发挥了两方面的作用:其一,协助政府推动中心工作,尤其是在调节劳资关系、发展生产中发挥了重要作用;其二,使国家基层政权建设更加深入,在工厂中摧毁了旧有的工会机构,建立了符合中共意愿的组织机构,向工人传播中共的意识形态。共和国初期工会组织国家化趋势非常明显,工会的立场与国家立场完全一致,当三大改造完成后,工会的对立面资产阶级消失,工会的黄金时期也随之结束。构建具有中共特色的政治文化是共和国初期北京市基层政权建设的重要组成部分。中共城区基层政权非常重视政治文化的构建,中共建立基层政权的过程也是将自己的政治亚文化上升为主流政治文化的过程。北京市基层政权在推进政治文化建设过程中对以下三个方面格外注意:培养市民对新政权的认同意识;培养市民阶级斗争意识;培养人民反帝反美意识。总体来说,中共在北京建立基层政权的过程,既特点鲜明又比较顺利。
[Abstract]:Since the late Qing Dynasty, China's urban grass-roots administrative management system began to change from traditional to modern. In order to enhance social control and extraction of grass-roots resources, the state power has tried to expand to the grass-roots level, strengthening the construction of grass-roots political power in urban areas.
After the victory of the war of resistance, the Kuomintang established the grass-roots political power in the city of Beiping City, and formed two sets of control systems for the party and government. The national government set up the grass-roots regime in Beiping. Its characteristics can be summarized as four sentences: weak power District Office; the system that deviated from the original intention; a relatively complete police system; a weak party system. In fact, nationals. The government did not succeed at the grass-roots level in the city of Beiping.
In January 31, 1949, Beiping was emancipated peacefully. The Communist Party of China, without the experience of urban management, was faced with a severe test. It was an important task for the Communist Party of China to establish a grass-roots regime that was in line with the operation of the Communist Party of China and suitable for the management of large cities.
In the urban grass-roots administrative management system, the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China dispatched a district work committee to each district. According to the experience of the rural revolutionary base areas, the government of the three level management system of the municipal government - the district government - the street government was set up in Beiping. By 1954, the basic regime of the grass-roots political power in Beijing city was basically established: the status of the first level regime has been established, the establishment of the institutions has been perfected, the district division is constantly adjusted, and the operation mechanism is formed with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In the street management system, the management system of the street offices and the neighborhood committees symbolizes the management of the Communist Party of China. The system of the street is basically fixed.
In order to obtain the support of the majority of the Beijing citizens, the political power of the majority of the people of the Communist Party of China must effectively solve the practical problems for the majority of the masses. The administrative work of the grass-roots political power of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China is gradually carried out from the following three aspects: the construction of order, the routine work of the regime and the organization of the mass movement. There are generalities of general grass-roots political power and the special nature of the Communist Party of China. This special nature is due to the nature of its power and the different purpose and mode of operation of the political power.
The construction of grass-roots party members and grass-roots cadres in the Communist Party of China is an important part of the construction of grass-roots political power. The success of the CPC's grass-roots political construction in Beijing is closely related to the establishment and training of a qualified grass-roots cadre team and the grass-roots party members in Beijing. In the early Republic of the Republic, there were three main sources of the cadres at the grass-roots level in Beijing. As a ruling party, the Communist Party branch of the Communist Party of China has changed a lot, the Communist Party branch of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China, the subterranean party members seek to reorganize, and the grass-roots party members are in the urban area. Through the construction of the party, the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China has penetrated into every corner of the city, the Communist Party's policy has been effectively carried out, the Communist Party's ideology has been effectively permeated, the grass-roots power has also strengthened the integration of the urban area of Beijing, and the grass-roots regime is able to do so. Consolidate.
In the early days of the Republic, the grass-roots political power organization of the people's representatives conferences at all levels in Beijing was carried out. It was a transitional organizational form of the grass-roots political power in the course of the formation and development of the people's Congress. "Consultation" was the core of the Democratic Party of the Communist Party of China. The people's representatives of all walks of life voted for the election of two district government members through negotiation, and in each district. Under the consultations of the community, the results of the election of the members of the district government members basically conform to the design of the Communist Party of China for the new democratic regime. The District People's Representatives Conference is a public opinion, but the theory and practice always have a distance, and the grass-roots political power of the Communist Party of China gradually transforms the people's representatives from all walks of life into the work of promoting the center in the actual operation. An institution for the realization of social mobilization.
At the grass-roots level, the Communist Party of China has played an important role in the grass-roots construction process. In order to obtain workers' support, the organization of the Communist Party of China's own leadership has become an important task after the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China. The Communist Party of China established the administrative organization, the trade union office, and established the mass organizations in the major factories and the various industries - the grass-roots Union. In the early days of the Republic, the grass-roots trade unions played a major role in two aspects: first, it helped the government to promote the work of the center, especially in regulating labor and capital relations and developing production. Secondly, it made the construction of the country's grass-roots political power more deep, destroyed the old trade unions in the factory, and established the organization machine that conforms to the wishes of the Communist Party of China. The ideology of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China was spread to the workers. The trend of nationalization of the union organization in the early days of the Republic was very obvious. The position of the trade union was in full agreement with the national standpoint. When the three major reforms were completed, the opposite bourgeoisie of the trade union disappeared and the golden age of the Trade Union ended.
The construction of political culture with the characteristics of the Communist Party of China is an important part of the construction of the grass-roots political power in Beijing in the early days of the Republic. The grass-roots political power of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to the construction of political culture. The process of establishing the grass-roots political power of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China is also the process of raising its Political Subculture into the mainstream political culture. The grass-roots political power in Beijing is advancing. In the process of political and cultural construction, we should pay special attention to the following three aspects: to cultivate citizens' awareness of the new regime, to cultivate the consciousness of the civil class struggle and to cultivate the anti imperialist and anti American consciousness of the people.
Generally speaking, the process of establishing a grass-roots regime in Beijing is characterized by clear-cut and smooth progress.

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K29

【引证文献】