近代山东新型知识分子研究（1900-1937）

发布时间：2018-11-01 20:18

【摘要】： 伴随着近代山东的社会转型和清末山东的教育改革,山东知识分子加快了向近代转型的步伐。在近代山东社会重重危机的催化下,山东产生了大批新型知识分子。近代山东新型知识分子的来源包括:具有传统功名的士人接受新式教育,新式学堂的毕业生,留学生,教会学校学生。他们产生于清末,发展于民初,并在二十世纪二三十年代繁荣壮大,充分发挥其社会价值。近代山东新型知识分子的数量并不固定,其人数的多寡,伴随教育的发展而有所变化。清末山东新型知识分子的人口比例是0.03%,到1917年达到0.12%,此后其数量不断膨胀,致使传统“士农工商”的社会结构发生变化。新型知识分子的职业分布日益多元化,其中教育领域人数最多,政界和军界次之,工商界又次之,新闻、交通、团体等领域人数最少。就地域分布而言,山东东部沿海及胶济铁路沿线城市和周围地区人才较盛,鲁西北次之,鲁南、鲁西南则分布稀疏。此外,山东新型知识分子多以城市为生活基地和活动空间,住在乡村的比例很少,城乡分布很不均匀。近代山东新型知识分子具有强烈的政治参与意识,他们倡导和推动了山东的政治变革,在山东的宪政运动、辛亥革命和新民主主义革命运动中扮演了重要角色。同时,近代山东新型知识分子还具有浓烈的爱国情怀,他们发动和领导了多次爱国运动,并为维护山东的民主共和进行着不屈斗争。进入山东政府的新型知识分子,则致力于社会的管理和建设工作,在自己的岗位上为山东社会的发展作出了很大贡献。无论是从事体制外的革命活动,还是进行直接的政治参与和建设活动,新型知识分子都极大地促进了山东的政治转型和社会进步,加快了山东政治现代化的进程。山东新型知识分子是近代山东经济发展的生力军。他们积极争取收回利权,促进民族资本主义的发展。同时,他们还掀起“实业救国”的热潮,并进行直接的经济实践,在推动山东经济近代化方面作出了很大贡献。作为文化主体的知识分子还推动了山东新文化的产生和发展,并有力地促进了山东的社会风俗变迁和思想解放。此外,新型知识分子还在山东的教育事业和新闻出版事业方面作出了突出贡献。近代山东新型知识分子广泛渗透到社会的各个领域,促进了山东的社会转型。山东地区独特的政治、历史和文化背景,造就了山东新型知识分子的显著特点。近代山东新型知识分子具有新的知识结构和人生理念,他们之间形成了不同于传统士人的新型人际关系。西学东渐,各种思潮学说蜂拥而入,使山东知识分子的信仰日益多元化。但与其他东南沿海省份相比,近代山东新型知识分子表现的较为保守持重。
[Abstract]:With the social transformation in modern Shandong and the educational reform in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, Shandong intellectuals quickened the pace of transition to modern times. Under the catalysis of the social crisis in modern Shandong, Shandong produced a large number of new intellectuals. The sources of the new intellectuals in modern Shandong include: the people with the traditional merit received the new-style education, the graduates of the new-style school, the overseas students, the students of the church school. They emerged in the late Qing Dynasty, developed in the early Republic of China, and flourished in the 1920s and 1930s, giving full play to their social value. The number of new intellectuals in modern Shandong is not fixed, the number of them changes with the development of education. At the end of Qing Dynasty, the proportion of new intellectuals in Shandong was 0.03 and reached 0.12 by 1917. Since then, the number of intellectuals has been expanding constantly, which has caused the social structure of the traditional "talents, farmers, industry and commerce" to change. The professional distribution of the new type of intellectuals is increasingly diversified, with the largest number of people in the field of education, followed by the political and military circles, the industrial and commercial circles, and the least number of people in the fields of news, transportation, groups, and so on. In terms of regional distribution, the cities and surrounding areas along the eastern coast of Shandong and along the Jiaoji Railway are abundant, followed by Northwest Shandong, South Shandong and Southwest Shandong. In addition, most of the new intellectuals in Shandong take the city as their living base and living space, and the proportion of them living in the countryside is very small, and the distribution of urban and rural areas is very uneven. The new-type intellectuals in modern Shandong had a strong sense of political participation. They advocated and promoted the political reform in Shandong and played an important role in the constitutional movement of Shandong the 1911 Revolution and the New Democratic Revolution Movement. At the same time, modern Shandong intellectuals also have strong patriotic feelings, they launched and led a number of patriotic movements, and to maintain the democratic republic in Shandong unyielding struggle. The new intellectuals who entered the Shandong government devoted themselves to the management and construction of the society and made great contributions to the development of Shandong society in their own posts. Whether engaged in revolutionary activities outside the system or in direct political participation and construction, the new intellectuals have greatly promoted the political transformation and social progress in Shandong, and accelerated the process of political modernization in Shandong. The new type of intellectuals in Shandong is the new force in the economic development of Shandong in modern times. They actively strive for the recovery of interest, to promote the development of national capitalism. At the same time, they also set off a "industry to save the nation" upsurge, and direct economic practice, in promoting the modernization of Shandong economy made a great contribution. The intellectuals as the main body of culture also promoted the emergence and development of new culture in Shandong, and promoted the social customs and ideological emancipation in Shandong. In addition, the new intellectuals also made outstanding contributions to education and press and publication in Shandong. Modern Shandong new-style intellectuals permeated all fields of society and promoted the social transformation in Shandong. The unique political, historical and cultural background of Shandong has created the remarkable characteristics of the new type of intellectuals in Shandong. The new intellectuals in modern Shandong have new knowledge structure and life concept, and they have formed a new interpersonal relationship different from the traditional intellectuals. Western learning gradually to the east, various ideological theories flocked in, making Shandong intellectuals more and more diverse beliefs. But compared with other southeast coastal provinces, modern Shandong-style intellectuals are more conservative.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K25;K295.2

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