近代山西移民与乡村社会

发布时间：2018-11-25 19:48

【摘要】：19世纪末20世纪初,受灾荒、战乱等因素的影响,华北乡村社会发生了巨大变迁,大量灾民从各处涌向了山西。从时间上看,近代山西移民始于清末的“丁戊奇荒”,盛于动荡不安的民国,在抗战时期达到顶峰,建国后因政局的稳定与全国性的集体经济而趋于平缓。从空间上看,山西省移民数量呈由南向北递减之势,外来移民主要集中于晋南、晋东南地区。从籍贯上,移民主要来自冀、鲁、豫三省,还有徽、湘、赣、川等跨区域移民。从原因来看,是历史、生态、区位、社会、文化等一系列因素共同作用的结果,人地关系的失衡是人口流动的根本性因素。从数量上看,近代迁往山西移民的总量超过150万,属于重大的移民迁徙事件。移民入迁对山西乡村人口结构、社会结构、经济结构、聚落形态等均造成一定影响,也引发了相应的社会问题。以人口流动为切入点,有利于理解近代华北乡村由“封闭”向“开放”的转变过程。大量移民进入导致的资源分配问题是土客之间矛盾纠纷的根源。大量逃荒人群的涌入,在村庄中形成了一个特殊的群体——外来户。为了生存,这些逃荒人群历尽艰辛、落足异乡。作为一无所有的外乡人,他们在耕地、住房、婚姻、政治等方面都处于边缘地位,只能依靠出卖劳动力、租种土地、借贷等来维持生计。这样,外来户与村中的一些老户就自然形成了雇佣、租佃、借贷的关系。外来户为了获得村庄的“入住权”,成为村子里的人,在土地之外,最重要的是建立自己的亲缘与地缘网络。在亲缘上,外来户通过过继、认干亲、拜把子等模拟血缘关系;男性入赘、女性嫁入等姻亲关系与本地人建立联系,逐渐在村中生根。在地缘上,外来移民之间相互通婚,在生产与生活上相互协助与扶持,逐渐形成移民的社会文化网络,与本地人相处与竞争。外来户以佃农或雇农身份维持生计,成为近代乡村社会的最底层,他们虽然努力适应并融入当地社会,但在短时期内通过经济手段很难实现翻身。革命来临后,中共积极鼓励底层群众参加革命运动,外来户便成为动员对象之一,抗战时期,外来户是根据地经济建设的重要力量,解放后,土改是对晚清以降人口流动性引发诸多社会问题的一次彻底解决和乡村社会秩序的重建。土改运动,不仅使外来户与老户之间实现了财富分配的平等化,也使他们之间的关系实现了平等化。农业合作化运动后,外来户最终实现了与老户传统意义上的“入住权”平等。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, affected by famine, war and other factors, the rural society in North China underwent great changes, and a large number of victims poured into Shanxi from all over. From the point of view of time, the modern Shanxi immigrants began from the "Dingwu Qi famine" in the late Qing Dynasty, flourished in the turbulent Republic of China, reached its peak during the War of Resistance against Japan, and after the founding of the people's Republic of China, it tended to level off because of the stability of the political situation and the national collective economy. From the spatial point of view, the number of immigrants in Shanxi Province is decreasing from south to north, and immigrants are mainly concentrated in southern Shanxi and southeast Shanxi. From the place of origin, immigrants mainly from Hebei, Shandong, Henan Province, as well as Hui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other cross-regional immigrants. The reason is the result of a series of factors, such as history, ecology, location, society, culture and so on. The imbalance of human-land relationship is the fundamental factor of population flow. In terms of quantity, the total number of emigrants to Shanxi in modern times exceeded 1.5 million, which is a major migration event. The immigration has a certain influence on the rural population structure, social structure, economic structure, settlement form and so on, which also causes the corresponding social problems. Taking population flow as the starting point is helpful to understand the transition process from "closed" to "open" in modern North China countryside. The problem of resource allocation caused by a large number of immigrants is the root of contradictions and disputes between natives. The influx of people fleeing famine formed a special group in the village-the outsider. In order to survive, these people fled the famine through hardships, falling into a foreign land. As destitute foreigners, they are marginalized in the fields of arable land, housing, marriage, politics and so on. They can only make a living by selling labor, renting land, borrowing and so on. In this way, foreign households and some of the village's old households naturally formed employment, tenancy, loan relationship. In order to gain the right to live in the village, the foreign households become the people of the village. Besides the land, the most important thing is to establish one's own kinship and geographical network. In the kinship, foreign households through adoptions, recognition of relatives, worshipers and other simulated blood relations; male into the burden, women married into other in-laws to establish ties with the local people, gradually take root in the village. Geographically, immigrants intermarry each other, assist and support each other in production and life, gradually form a social and cultural network of immigrants, get along with local people and compete with each other. As tenants or farmers, they become the bottom of the modern rural society. Although they try to adapt and integrate into the local society, it is very difficult for them to turn over through economic means in a short period of time. After the advent of the revolution, the CPC actively encouraged the masses at the bottom to participate in the revolutionary movement, and foreign households became one of the targets of mobilization. During the War of Resistance against Japan, foreign households were an important force in the economic construction of base areas, and after liberation, Land reform was a thorough solution to many social problems caused by reducing population mobility in the late Qing Dynasty and the reconstruction of rural social order. The land reform movement not only made the distribution of wealth equal between the outside households and the old households, but also made the relations between them equal. After the agricultural cooperative movement, the foreign households finally realized the equality with the old households in the traditional sense.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K29

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