民国时期山东疫病传播与卫生防疫

发布时间：2019-06-16 18:10

【摘要】： 民国时期山东的政局动荡，战争不断，自然灾害严重。天灾人祸导致瘟疫频繁发生。此时期疫情规模之大、疫病种类之多、疫区之广、死亡人数之众和社会危害之深，都是山东历史上罕见的。瘟疫不仅严重影响着民众的生命和健康，引起社会混乱，还严重阻滞政治、经济、军事、文化的发展，疫病不再仅仅是一个自然问题，更越来越明显的成为政府必须要面对的社会问题。瘟疫发生的原因，既有自然因素，又有社会因素。自然因素方面是因为瘟疫是由自然存在的致病微生物所致，非人力所能完全控制，连年不断的灾荒为致病微生物提供了繁殖传染的便利条件；但另一方面，瘟疫在人群中的爆发流行又都与一定人为因素相关，比如战乱、人口密度、人口移动、生活环境、社会经济状况和风俗习惯等等，就民国时期山东的疫情来说，显然人祸的因素更大一些。当然，疫病的发生，不仅仅是单个原因造成的，更大程度上是在众多因素的合力作用下发生的。面对瘟疫的肆虐，国民党政府和共产党政府，都采取了比较积极的防治政策和措施，各自相继设立了专门的卫生机关、防疫机构、科研机关、传染病医院等，大力防治传染病。这些机构从省级延伸到地方，形成了比较正规的卫生防疫网络体系。这些机构实际都包含防疫职能，能够对本省各地的疫情进行管理和督导。民国时期山东各级各界政府，都积极传达、制定防疫政策和法规；积极注射防疫针；确立传染病报告制度；改进市政建设和公共卫生；加强医学教育和防疫宣传；鼓励慈善机构、医学团体的建立和发展。这些举措的实施，，使得各个政府对自己辖区内疫病的控制能力大大增强，民国时期山东卫生防疫事业逐步走向现代化。民国时期的防疫政策具有鲜明的时代特征。各政府注意加强防疫建设，逐步确立了从省到地方基层防疫体系；山东的防疫事业起步较晚，医疗技术水平落后；防疫过程中存在明显的重城市轻农村、治重于防的现象；防疫政策缺乏连续性；医疗经费不足，防疫举措的实施缺乏资金的支撑。政府防疫发挥了举足轻重的主导作用，在很大程度上遏制了疫病的肆虐，促进了卫生防疫事业的发展，防疫法规进一步完善，民众的卫生习惯有所改善，防疫意识明显增强，民众心态由迷信逐步走向理性，对现代化的防疫手段有排拒走向认同，并有利于城市现代化建设。但是，民国时期山东政局动荡、战事连绵、自然灾害严重、医疗技术水平低、经济落后、不良生活习俗等一系列因素的存在，共同制约了防疫政策的贯彻执行和实际效果。
[Abstract]:During the Republic of China, Shandong's political situation was volatile, wars continued, and natural disasters were serious. Natural and man-made disasters cause pestilence to occur frequently. In this period, the scale of epidemic situation, the variety of epidemic diseases, the wide range of epidemic areas, the number of deaths and the depth of social harm are rare in the history of Shandong Province. Plague not only seriously affects the life and health of the people and causes social chaos, but also seriously hinders the development of politics, economy, military and culture. Epidemic disease is no longer just a natural problem, but also becomes more and more obvious a social problem that the government must face. There are both natural and social factors in the cause of plague. In terms of natural factors, plague is caused by natural pathogenic microorganisms, which can not be completely controlled by manpower, and the continuous famine provides convenient conditions for the reproduction and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. On the other hand, the epidemic of plague in the population is related to certain human factors, such as war, population density, population movement, living environment, social and economic conditions and customs, and so on. As far as the epidemic situation in Shandong during the Republic of China is concerned, it is obvious that the factors of man-made disaster are greater. Of course, the occurrence of epidemic disease is not only caused by a single cause, to a greater extent, it occurs under the joint action of many factors. In the face of the raging plague, both the Kuomintang government and the Communist government have adopted relatively active prevention and control policies and measures, each of which has set up special health organs, epidemic prevention institutions, scientific research institutions, infectious disease hospitals, and so on, to vigorously prevent and control infectious diseases. These institutions extend from the provincial level to the local level, forming a more formal health and epidemic prevention network system. These institutions actually include epidemic prevention functions and can manage and supervise the epidemic situation in various parts of the province. During the period of the Republic of China, governments from all walks of life in Shandong actively conveyed and formulated policies and regulations on epidemic prevention; actively injected vaccination needles; established an infectious disease reporting system; improved municipal construction and public health; strengthened medical education and propaganda; and encouraged the establishment and development of charities and medical organizations. With the implementation of these measures, the ability of each government to control epidemic diseases in its own jurisdiction has been greatly enhanced, and the cause of health and epidemic prevention in Shandong has gradually moved towards modernization during the Republic of China. The epidemic prevention policy in the Republic of China had distinct characteristics of the times. The governments have paid attention to strengthening the construction of epidemic prevention and gradually established the epidemic prevention system from provincial to local grass-roots level; the cause of epidemic prevention in Shandong started relatively late and the level of medical technology is backward; in the process of epidemic prevention, there is obvious emphasis on urban areas over rural areas, and the prevention policy is lack of continuity; medical funds are insufficient, and the implementation of epidemic prevention measures is not supported by funds. The government has played an important leading role in epidemic prevention, curbed the raging of epidemic diseases to a great extent, promoted the development of health and epidemic prevention, further improved the epidemic prevention laws and regulations, improved the people's health habits, obviously strengthened the awareness of epidemic prevention, gradually changed the mentality of the people from superstition to rationality, refused to identify with the modern means of epidemic prevention, and was conducive to the construction of urban modernization. However, the existence of a series of factors, such as political instability, continuous war, serious natural disasters, low level of medical technology, backward economy, bad living customs and so on, together restricted the implementation and practical effect of epidemic prevention policy in Shandong Province during the period of the Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K258;K295.2

【引证文献】