唐德顺宪三朝中枢体制若干问题探研

发布时间：2018-01-02 21:23

本文关键词：唐德顺宪三朝中枢体制若干问题探研　出处：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：经过安史之乱,唐王朝包括中枢体制在内的各方面都需要进行调整。肃代二朝因种种原因没有对中枢体制进行调整。至德宗才开始着手对中枢体制进行调整,主要在于三个方面：翰林学士、宦官和宰相。德宗朝,以泾原兵乱为契机,翰林学士取得了极大发展。兵乱之后,这种发展成果沉淀下来,并为翰林学士制度的进一步发展奠定了基础。顺宗时政局动荡,翰林学士王叔文抓住机会掌握朝政,充分显示出翰林学士身处内廷的位置优势。宪宗嗣立,翰林学士起了很大作用。宪宗即位伊始便以翰林学士郑}j为承旨学士,不久又任其为相。元和初,翰林学士院设立书诏印,正式确立了学士院的草诏权。宪宗朝,承旨学士在内廷专受专对,深受信任,但仍处于被动的顾问地位。德宗在经过慎重考虑之后,让宦官统领禁军。宦官取得对禁军的完全领导,经历了一个比较长的过程,这个过程也是德宗和宪宗对禁军兵制的改革过程。贞元十二年,神策中尉设立,宦官取得了对神策军的完全领导权,宪宗又将天威军并入神策军,并将左右三军的实际领导权交予宦官,宦官领导禁军的制度最终确立。在宪宗朝,枢密使开始参与中枢政治,经常参与国家大政的讨论,为以后枢密使制度的确立打下了基础。由此,“宦官之势”应是成于宪宗而不是德宗。但此时宦官仍处于皇帝的严格控制之中,因而此时宦官权势的增强,说到底是皇权的增强。唐后期宦官主权局面的形成,除了宦官手握兵权之外,太子的失势是另一个根本原因。宰相在德宗朝初期拥有与代宗时期相当的权力,但是在德宗后期被架空。宪宗时期,宰相权力全面恢复并在政治上起主导作用。但是随着当时使职系统的发展和宦官对禁军领导权的掌握,宰相的政治根基已经丢失,因而德顺宪时期宰相的权力相对能够比较容易地被剥夺。翰林学士、宦官和宰相之间的关系以合作为主,冲突为次,都是在皇帝的控制下进行活动。至宪宗,对中枢体制的调整完成。调整后,皇权得到了极大加强,在新的中枢体制中,皇帝处于绝对的核心地位,皇权处于绝对的优势地位。
[Abstract]:After the Anshi Rebellion, all aspects of the Tang Dynasty, including the central system, needed to be adjusted. Due to various reasons, the Su Dynasty and the second Dynasty did not adjust the central system. Until de Zong began to adjust the central system. Mainly lie in three aspects: Hanlin bachelor, eunuch and prime minister. Dezong Dynasty, with Jing Yuan soldiers chaos as an opportunity, Hanlin Bachelor made great progress. After the military chaos, this development result precipitated, and laid the foundation for further development of Hanlin Bachelor system. Hanlin Bachelor Wang Shuwen seized the opportunity to master the government, fully showing the Hanlin bachelor's position advantage in the court. Hanlin Bachelor of Science played a great role. At the beginning of the reign of the Emperor, he took Hanlin Bachelor Zheng} j as his principal bachelor, and soon appointed him as his counterpart. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty and the early days, the Hanlin College of Bachelor of Science established the imperial edict printing. The court formally established the power of the Chao Chao. In the reign of the constitution, the baccalaureate was highly trusted, but still in a passive advisory position. After careful consideration, Dezong let eunuchs lead the forbidden army. Eunuchs obtained complete leadership of the forbidden army and experienced a relatively long process. This process was also the process of the reform of the system of forbidden troops by the German and the Xianzong. In the twelfth year of the Zhenyuan Dynasty, when the Lieutenant of God Policy was established, the eunuchs obtained the complete leadership over the divine strategy army, and the Xianzong incorporated the Tianwei army into the divine strategy army. And left and right the actual leadership of the three armed forces to eunuchs, eunuchs to lead the ban on the establishment of the system. It laid the foundation for the establishment of the secret system. Therefore, the "eunuchs' power" should become the constitution rather than the virtuous zong. But at this time, the eunuchs are still under the strict control of the emperor, so the eunuchs' power is strengthened at this time. The formation of eunuchs sovereignty in the late Tang Dynasty, besides the military power of eunuchs, the loss of princes was another fundamental reason. The prime minister had the same power in the early days of the Dezong dynasty as in the generational period, but in the late Dezong period. The prime minister's power was fully restored and played a leading role in politics. But with the development of the post system and the eunuchs' control of the leadership of the proscribed army, the political foundation of the prime minister had been lost. As a result, the power of the prime minister in the de Shun constitutional period can be relatively easily deprived. The relationship between Hanlin, eunuchs and prime ministers was mainly cooperative and secondary to conflict, and was carried out under the control of the emperor. After the adjustment, the imperial power was greatly strengthened. In the new central system, the emperor was in the absolute core position and the imperial power was in the absolute superiority position.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K242

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