秦帝国的朱砂水银工业

发布时间：2018-01-25 05:53

本文关键词： 朱砂考古秦始皇陵热释汞地宫水银估算　出处：《陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年02期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：朱砂在中国考古遗存的出现可以追溯到浙江余姚河姆渡遗址。二里头早商遗址有内置玉器、铜器的朱砂坑,安阳武丁时期甲骨刻辞部分涂染朱砂,妇好墓椁棺外髹朱漆,内置朱砂,可知商代朱砂已经被广泛使用。1998年发掘的礼县圆顶山先秦贵族大墓棺内均有大量朱砂,对照距秦未久的西汉北洞山楚襄王的丹漆墓室以及文献所载秦始皇陵墓的"塞以文石,致以丹漆"的记载,可知先秦的贵族或王室,在墓葬中所使用的朱砂数量相当惊人。朱砂矿除用于制备红色朱砂外,也是制备水银(汞)的唯一天然原料。先秦文献中水银多与墓葬有关,如《吴越春秋》所记吴王阖闾墓有"倾水银为池"之事,间接表示制汞工艺的发明时间不会晚于春秋战国之际。"汞杀金银",1983年出土的狮子山鎏金扣饰也说明由水银发展出的鎏金工艺在春秋战国之际已经出现。1981年在秦始皇陵封土及周近进行的热释汞测量所得数据间接支持《史记·秦本纪》"以水银为百川江河大海,机相灌输"的记载。利用热释汞数据及用地球物理方法所测秦始皇陵地宫面积深度的数据可以大致估算出墓中的汞储量,并可以之推算所需朱砂矿的数量。对照20世纪初美国得克萨斯州一个容量10吨焙烧炉的汞产量,加上水银及朱砂在秦帝国的鎏金、颜料,丹漆及墓葬等广泛的用途,可以确定秦帝国的水银朱砂工业的规模极为可观。
[Abstract]:The appearance of cinnabar in Chinese archaeological remains can be traced back to the site of Hemudu in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. The early Shang site of Erlitou has built in jade articles, the cinnabar pits of bronze wares, and the inscriptions of oracle bones of Wuding period in Anyang, which are partially painted with cinnabar. The coffin of the tomb is painted with Zhu lacquer and built in cinnabar, which has been widely used in Shang Dynasty. In 1998, there was a great deal of cinnabar in the tomb of the aristocrats of Lixian Dumingshan, which was excavated in 1998. Comparing with the Tang Dynasty tomb room of King Chuxiang in the North Dongshan of the Western Han Dynasty and the records of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the literature, we can see the aristocrats or the royal family in the pre-Qin period. The amount of cinnabar used in tombs is quite astonishing. Besides being used to prepare red cinnabar, cinnabar ore is also the only natural material for the preparation of mercury (mercury). As noted in Wu Yue's Spring and Autumn Festival, the tomb of the king of Wu has "tilted mercury as a pool," indirectly indicating that the invention of the mercury process will not be later than the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period. "Mercury kills gold and silver." The gilding of the Lion Rock unearthed on 1983 also shows that the gold gilding process developed by mercury has already appeared during the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period. The data obtained from the thermal mercury release survey conducted in 1981 in the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and in the recent Zhou Dynasty were indirect. Supporting the History of the Qin Dynasty. With mercury as the rivers and seas. The mercury reserves in the tomb can be roughly estimated by using the data of heat release mercury and the depth of the palace area measured by geophysical method. The amount of cinnabar ore needed can be calculated. Compared with mercury production of a 10-ton calciner in Texas, USA, in early 20th century, and the gilding of mercury and cinnabar in the Qin Empire, pigments. A wide range of uses, such as lacquer and tombs, confirm the scale of the mercury cinnabar industry in the Qin Empire.
【作者单位】：新泽西州州立罗格斯大学东亚学系;
【分类号】：K233;K875
【正文快照】： 一、朱砂的化学物性与考古资料纯朱砂即硫化汞(Hg S),为鲜红色结晶或作粉末状,比重8.1,升华点是583.5℃,化学性质相当稳定。在所有金属化合物中硫化汞的水溶解度最低,几乎不溶于水。朱砂一词也通指含硫化汞的天然矿石,优质朱砂矿含汞量可达70%,有金属光泽,属三方晶系。朱砂

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