宋代铺户问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-03 22:23

本文关键词： 铺户铺户问题坊郭户城市空间城市税收交引铺户　出处：《华东师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文选取宋代城市铺户作为研究的切入点,将视野投向唐宋社会经济变迁的历史环境之中,并以此作为时代背景之依托,希图能从对城市铺户有关问题的探讨中去寻觅唐宋历史之“变”的气息。宋代铺户与古典市制下的市肆坐贾有很大的渊源,但是它却已经与其有很大的不同。坊市格局消亡,店铺的开设遍及街市坊巷；夜市出现,从早到晚都有店铺开门营业；市署取消；市籍制终结。在如此的城市变革中,传统市制下的市肆坐贾已经演变为开放市场下的铺户。自宋代始,中国古代坐贾的发展进入了铺户时期。宋代的铺户,主要指在府、州、县的郭城之中有固定店铺的坐贾。除此,一些草市、镇市之中也存在着一定数量的铺户。自唐入宋,城市工商业人口的比重加大,市场在时间和空间上呈现出前所未有的开放性,与此同时,伴随着城市与商业的发展,城市税收勃兴,这些都促使国家寻求新的城市人口管理方式。坊郭户等制应运而生。自此,宋代的铺户不再具有先前市籍所赋予市肆坐贾卑贱色彩的身份,而是取得了与其他城市阶层同等的坊郭户身份。唐宋时期是中国古代商品经济蓬勃发展的一个重要时期。商品经济的发展引发了唐宋社会经济领域的变革,使之呈现出与往昔不同的诸多特色。我们将铺户之一系列问题放在如此之历史背景下铺展开来,更赋予了问题研究的意义性。本文以宋代作为主要研究时段,将具体的历史研究对象放到宏大的历史变迁中考察,希图实现历史研究从微观到宏观的把握。其总括六个部分。绪论部分主要包括选题缘起及研究现状的综述。第一章至第四章是本文主干部分。第一章为市肆坐贾到铺户的身份转变。从市籍户到坊郭户,唐宋时期,城市坐贾身份的转变,与商品经济的蓬勃发展所催生的城市革命的兴起密切相关。其身份转变的客观原因是唐宋城市市场空间的扩张,主观原因是唐宋商贾社会地位的提高,制度原因是城市税收体制的发展。第二章为铺户所依托的城市空间的变迁。自中唐以降,城市中传统而封闭的坊市格局日渐松动,铺户之经营所依托的城市空间发生变化,“街”逐渐成为市场的重要依托。在城市空间的变化过程中,坊市的瓦解与街市的形成是逆向同时演进的。其中重点讨论了坊市制解体的原因和影响、坊市制解体过程中城市空间的变化,以及街市形成的原因和影响、街市形成过程中城市空间的变化。第三章主要讨论宋代铺户之城郭之赋、科配、行役等问题。唐宋时期,城郭之赋的出现表明了不动产税的勃兴。铺户之城郭住宅、店铺依据面积、质量需要交纳房屋税,如果铺户赁地、占地经营店铺则需要交纳地基税。此问题中主要论及宅税的兴起及情况、地税的兴起及情况。在铺户与科配问题中,主要讨论了宋代免役法实施前后之城郭科配的情况。而铺户与行役问题中则主要讨论的是入行铺户之“当行”问题,以政府科买为主,另还涉及到免行钱问题的讨论。第四章为宋代的交引铺户。交引铺户,因其所经营商品的特殊性,是宋代特殊类型的铺户。它的出现与宋代入中制度密切相关。入中制度,即是国家将部分盐茶等专卖商品之利润让渡与商贾,从而借助商贾之参与以解决边地军需问题。国家通过发放交引为兑换中介,将盐茶等引进入中制度,在一定程度上亦是为促进盐茶等进入流通领域。而交引的发行又使得交引铺户与盐茶间接专卖制度紧密相联。本章主要讨论交引铺户的肇兴和设置情况、交引铺户的经营及其影响。最后结论部分阐释了何为“铺户问题”,宋至明清之“铺户问题”既一脉相承,又发展变化。由此从一个大的历史跨度中将会把握到怎样的历史脉络,这当是很有意义的研究过程。我们所探讨的宋代铺户之有关问题,涵盖了唐宋时期社会经济领域中诸多值得关注的变化,如城乡分野；社会阶层的流动与商贾社会地位的提高；国家户籍制度的变革；城市市场空间的变换；城市市场管理模式的转换；国家税役体制的变迁；国家新型经济运行模式的确立等。而这些社会经济领域中的变化将从对铺户一系列问题的讨论的展开中得以反映。
[Abstract]:This paper selects the Song Dynasty City puhu as the breakthrough point, will view on the history of Tang and Song society economic environment, and as relying on background, as from the discussion on the relevant problems of the city puhu in search of the history of the Tang and Song Dynasties "change" in the air.
The Song Dynasty and the classical city shop shop sit Jia are a great source, but it has its very different. Fang City pattern die shop opened throughout the downtown square lane; night market, shops are open from morning till night; the Department to cancel the membership system; end. In such a city change the traditional city, under the city four sit Jia has evolved into the open market puhu. Since Song Dynasty, the development of ancient China into sit Jia puhu period. The Song Dynasty puhu, mainly refers to the government, state, county Guo Cheng have regular sit Jia shop. In addition, some towns are towns the presence of a certain number of puhu. From Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty, city of industry and commerce the proportion of the population increase, the market is open, hitherto unknown in time and space at the same time, along with the development of city and commerce, city tax rise, these countries have prompted Seeking new ways of city population management. The Fangguo Hu system came into being. Since then, the Song Dynasty puhu no longer has previously granted membership store sit Jia humble color identity, but achieved equally with other city class Fangguo Hu identity.
Tang and Song Dynasties is an important period of China ancient commodity economy development. The development of the commodity economy in the Tang and Song Dynasties led to changes in the economic field, which presents many different characteristics with the past. We will put in one of the series of problems in the shop so under the historical background of spreads, meaning gives more research. Using the Song Dynasty as the main study period, the specific research object in the study history of grand historical changes, to realize the historical research from micro to macro grasp. The sum of six parts. The introduction part mainly includes the review of the origin and status quo of the research topics. The first chapter to the fourth chapter is the main part of this paper. The first chapter as the shop shop to sit Jia. From the city by household to Guo Fang, Tang and Song Dynasties, change the city sit Jia identity, inspired by the rapid development of commodity economy and the leather city The rise of life are closely related. The objective cause of the transformation of identity is the Tang and Song Dynasties city market space expansion, the subjective reason is the improvement of social status in Tang and Song Dynasty merchants, the institutional factor is the development of city tax system. The second chapter is the change of operators on City space. Since the Tang Dynasty, the traditional city and close to city square the pattern of increasingly loose, relying on the management of city puhu space changes, "street" has gradually become an important basis for market. Changes in the city, the formation of collapse and the market square city. At the same time reverse evolution which focused on the causes and effects of the disintegration of the workshop system, change the disintegration of City workshop system the space in the process, and the reason of market formation and the impact of changes in the process of the formation of city market space. The third chapter mainly discusses the Song Dynasty City puhu Guo Zhifu, Kepei, military and other issues. The Tang Dynasty In Song Dynasty, there Zhifu that Guo City real estate tax rise. The city puhu residential, shops on the basis of quality area, the need to pay property tax, if the shop rent, covers an area of shops would need to pay tax. And the rise of foundation mainly deals with this problem in the house tax, and the tax rise. In the shop, and distribution problems, mainly discusses the Song Dynasty a method before and after the implementation of the city of Guo. Operators and the forced problem is mainly discussed is the * * * puhu "when the problem, the government department to buy, also involves a discussion of free money problems. The fourth chapter is song Jiao Yin Jiao Yin shop. The shop operators, because of the special nature of the commodity, is a special type of Song Dynasty puhu. Its appearance is closely related with the Song Dynasty into the system. In the system, which is the national profit portion of the salt tea monopoly of goods transferring and merchants, from And with the help of merchants in side to solve the problem. Through the issuance of National Military Cross cited for the exchange of intermediary, the salt into the tea in the system, to a certain extent, is also to promote salt tea into circulation. And the issue of the Jiao Yin Jiao Yin shop and tea salt monopoly system indirect closely. This chapter mainly discusses the Zhao Jiao Yin puhu Xinghe settings, operation and its influence. Finally, the conclusion part cited puhu explains what the "shop", song to the Qing "shop" is the same strain, development and change. The history from a large span of history will be how to grasp this is when the study is very meaningful.
The problem of the Song Dynasty puhu we explore, covering many noteworthy changes in social economic field in the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as urban and rural division; flow of social class and merchants raise the social status of the national household registration system; reform; city market space transformation; transformation management model of city tax service system changes; a new pattern of economic operation; the establishment of the country. And the change of social economy in the field will be discussed according to a series of problems on the shop expansion are reflected.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244;F299.29

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