魏晋南北朝隐逸现象及相关问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 04:02

  本文关键词： 魏晋南北朝 隐逸现象 学术思潮 社会形势 隐士 社会影响　出处：《南开大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国历史上的隐士数量之多堪称世界之最,隐逸现象和隐士的生活也因其“隐”而变得神秘莫测。有机会或有条件出仕的士人长期或暂时性远离社会政治活动,游走于社会边缘的行为,在中国历朝历代都不乏其人。魏晋南北朝是中古史上极为重要的转折时期,它上接秦汉、下启隋唐,在政治制度、学术思潮、文学艺术和社会风尚等各个方面都有着跨越式的发展和质的飞跃。隐逸现象是魏晋南北朝一个重要的社会现象,隐逸思想广泛流行、隐士群体力量十分壮大,涵盖了士人中的各个阶层,而且得到了有史以来最为广泛的社会认同。魏晋南北朝的隐逸是在东汉中后期掀起的一个隐逸浪潮的基础上发展而来的,东汉中后期至汉魏之际隐逸思潮的兴起和发展以及隐逸现象的流行对魏晋南北朝隐逸文化的发展和隐逸现象的兴盛都有着直接的推动作用,又因为魏晋南北朝鲜明的时代特点和其中各个阶段政治文化背景的差异,使得这一阶段的隐逸现象出现了多样化和极端化的特点。 魏晋南北朝时期是各种学术思潮融合交汇的时代,儒学地位虽有下降,但仍深刻影响着士人们的思想；老庄之学蓬勃发展,成为士人们的新宠,对他们的思想认识起到了颠覆性的改革,尤其是在此基础上发展而来的玄学理论,更是成为这一时代标志性的文化符号；两汉时期引入我国的佛教和土生土长的道教在魏晋南北朝时期得到了空前繁荣的发展,深刻影响了社会各个阶层,尤其是士人的思想意识形态。这些思想理论中不乏避世与出世观念,对士人隐逸思想的形成和隐逸行为的产生都起到了推波助澜的作用。 魏晋南北朝是中国历史上典型的乱世,政治斗争异常激烈、军事斗争更加残酷,政权的频繁更替、社会的持续动荡都是造成隐士大量出现的客观原因。因此,在魏晋南北朝各个阶段,都不同程度存在着因避乱避祸而隐居的士人。除此之外,魏晋之际隐士不满现实的求“道”之隐、西晋蔚然兴起的逍遥庄氏之隐、十六国北朝的不仕胡族之隐以及东晋南朝的以“隐”为时尚之美的现象都彰显了这一时代隐逸现象的多样性和复杂性特点。另外,因学术而隐、因孝而隐以及因信仰宗教而隐的现象也十分常见,可见这一阶段隐逸类型的繁多。 基本的生活保障是隐士能够持续隐居生活、坚守人格自由和独立的前提。中国古代社会小农经济为主导的经济背景是隐逸生活得以实现和坚持的经济基础,它深刻影响着人们的生产方式、使人们产生安贫乐道的思想意识,所以,小农经济的生产和消费方式对隐逸现象的发展是十分有利的。魏晋南北朝隐士的生活来源以灌园耕种、聚徒教授为主,也有部分隐士以采集渔猎和小型商业买卖为生,这与他们的自身素质有关,也和这一时期经济、文化的发展息息相关。魏晋南北朝时期隐士在生活状态上有着很大差异,既有庄园之隐的舒适惬意,又有山林之隐的贫陋艰辛,但总的来说,这一时期隐士的生活状态趋向赤贫化和原始化。 魏晋南北朝隐士普遍长寿,因为他们的社会压力相对较小,生活方式较为健康,但因为各种主客观原因,有部分隐士的心理偏激、行为怪异。隐士们的物质生活虽然贫乏简陋,但却有着傲人的精神财富,著书立说、聚徒教授是他们益于当下、泽被后世的举动；谨言慎行、高尚淳朴是他们被世代颂扬的美好情操,纯化了周围的民风民俗,起到了良好的社会教化作用。 魏晋南北朝隐士数量众多,隐逸现象也受到了社会的广泛认同,隐士地位有所提高,受到了皇帝以及各级政府官员的重视。这一时期各个阶段的招隐士活动都十分频繁,具有经常性、稳定性、宽容性和高度重视的特点,但有时也存在形式主义的弊端。在看待魏晋南北朝隐士时,应该采取全面、客观的态度,虽然他们有消极、逃避的一面,但隐士们在“立言”和“立德”方面都有自己的贡献,他们安贫乐道、不慕荣禄的高迈之气,是对古代官本位思想的一种摒弃和超越。
[Abstract]:The history of the hermit Chinese number of most of the world, and the phenomenon of the hermit life because of its "hidden" and become mysterious. Have the opportunity or conditional long-term or temporary official taxi people away from the social and political activities, walk on the edge of society, both in the China calendar dynasties. No lack of such people in Wei Jin South and North in ancient dynasties is very important period, it is connected with the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in the political system, academic thoughts, literature and art of each society has a great leap forward development and qualitative leap. The phenomenon is an important social phenomenon in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, widely popular the thoughts of hermit, hermit groups is growing, covering all sectors of the scholars, and have extensive social identity as ever. The Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties hermit is a recluse in the late Eastern Han Dynasty set off a wave of On the basis of the development and prosperity of East Hanzhoung, the occasion of the Han period to the rise and development of the thought and the phenomenon of the popularity of the development and the phenomenon of recluse culture of the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties have a direct role in promoting, and because the age characteristics and differences of Wei Jin and the northern and southern North Korea Ming in various stages of political and cultural background which makes the phenomenon of this stage is characterized by diversification and extreme.
The Wei and Jin Dynasties is the academic trend of integration of the intersection of the times, Confucianism has decreased, but still a profound impact on people's thought; Laozi school to flourish, become people's favorite, on their thoughts to disruptive reform, especially the development and on the basis of this the theory of metaphysics, is to become the era of cultural symbols; Han Dynasty into China's Buddhism and native Taoism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties has been an unprecedented prosperity, has a profound impact on all sectors of society, especially the scholar's ideology. Are these theories and the concept of masquerade was born in formation the recluse and seclusion of ideological behavior have played an important role.
Wei and Jin Dynasties is a typical Chinese history of chaos, political struggle is fierce, more brutal military struggle, frequent replacement of the regime, sustained social unrest are objective causes for the emergence of a large number of hermits. Therefore, in each stage of the northern and Southern Dynasties, there are different degrees of refuge from seclusion for scholars. In addition in addition, Wei and Jin Dynasty hermit discontented for "Tao" hidden, the rise of the Western Jin Dynasty at Chongs hidden, in Sixteen Kingdoms not Shi Hu nationality implicit and explicit diversity of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in this era and complexity to the phenomenon of "hidden" for the beauty of fashion phenomenon all clear. In addition, because of academic and hidden, and hidden, and hidden because of religious phenomenon is also very common for filial piety, visible this stage hermit types are various.
The basic life safeguard is the hermit can continue seclusion, adhere to the premise of personality freedom and independence. Chinese ancient social economic background of peasant economy as the leading economic base is the realization and adhere to the life of the hermit to, it profoundly influences people's mode of production, make people produce Anpinyuedao ideology, so that the production of small-scale peasant economy and the development of the phenomenon of consumption is very favorable. The life source of the hermit Wei to garden irrigation farming, and poly professors, are also part of the hermit to collect small commercial fishing and hunting and trading for a living, which is related to their own quality, and this period of economic and cultural development is closely related to the. The northern and Southern Dynasties hermit and there are great differences between the life condition, both of the manor hidden comfortable, and the mountains of hidden poor ugly hardships, but in general, this period of hidden The living state of the scholar tends to be impoverished and primordial.
Wei and Jin Dynasties hermit longevity, because of their social pressure is relatively small, relatively healthy lifestyle, but because of various subjective and objective reasons, there are some hermit psychological extreme, strange behavior. The hermit's material life although poor, but a spiritual wealth, proud of writing, they get together and Professor benefit from the moment, move cautiously, growing in the esteem of future generations; they are honest noble generations praise beautiful sentiment, folk customs around the purification, played a good role in social education.
A large number of Wei and Jin Dynasties, the phenomenon has also been widely recognized by the society, a improved status by the emperor and government officials at all levels of attention. Each stage of this period the hermit activities are very frequent, often has the characteristics of wide compatibility, stability, and attention, but sometimes also disadvantages the existence of formalism. In view of Wei and Jin Dynasties hermit, should take a comprehensive and objective manner, although they have a negative side, escape, but the hermit in the "speech" and "morality" have their own contribution, they do not admire the good Anpinyuedao, Rong Lu Qi, is a kind of get rid of and beyond the ancient official standard thought.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K235
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本文编号：1554904