先秦秦汉从人殉到俑殉习俗演变与比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 00:30

本文选题：人殉　切入点：俑殉　出处：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：仲尼日：始作俑者,其无后乎?孟子云：其为象人而用之也!孟子一语中的地说出俑是象人而作,是用来替代殉人的。“天子诸侯杀殉,众者数百,寡者数十,将军大夫杀殉,众者数十,寡者数人。”这种人殉之风在春秋战国是相当流行,但整体趋势却是俑殉习俗在逐渐替代人殉习俗,这是春秋战国时期思想大觉醒、文化大变革,使得人地位提高的体现。学术界对从人殉到俑殉习俗的演变过程关注甚少,只有个别学者简单提过,将人殉与俑殉习俗联系起来进行比较研究的更是寥寥无几。本文的研究试图开辟一个新的视野,对人殉与俑殉两种习俗进行深入的比较研究,让我们更清楚的看到这两者之间的关系。通过三个方面的比较研究,本文认为殉俑是替代殉人的,俑殉是替代人殉的一种丧葬习俗。一,从演变过程来看,人殉习俗在史前时期萌芽、发展。到殷商时期受到殷人“率民以事神,先鬼而后礼。”思想的影响,达到极盛状态。周人本无人殉习俗,加之周初文化大变革,周人提出“敬德保民”的思想,人的地位得以提高,使得西周时期人殉习俗出现衰落。到春秋战国时期“礼崩乐坏”,人殉习俗又开始复兴,并达到可与殷商时期匹敌的又一高峰,但同时俑殉习俗兴起,并逐渐在替代人殉习俗。秦汉时期人殉习俗完全被俑殉习俗替代,人殉习俗出现衰败甚至绝迹现象,俑殉习俗却如日中天。秦汉以降,俑殉习俗也逐渐衰落,直至消失。二,殉人身份与殉俑类型所代表之人身份几乎一致：殉人身份有妻妾、臣子、侍从、歌舞乐伎、幼童等,并非传统观念上的奴隶；殉俑类型有士兵俑、臣子俑、侍从俑、歌舞乐伎俑、生活娱乐俑等。三,殉人与殉俑的置放位置非常相似：殉人的置放位置有墓葬之外的殉人、墓主身旁或墓主棺椁附近、二层台上、墓侧壁龛、椁内边箱、侧室或耳室、腰坑及墓底边坑、墓道及墓道填土之中和墓道口等九种；殉俑的置放位置有墓葬之外的俑坑、棺椁附近、二层台上、墓侧壁龛、椁内边箱、侧室或耳室等六种。通过比较研究殉人与殉俑的置放位置,我们也发现同一位置置放殉人或殉俑的墓葬,墓主身份非常相似,这也说明了殉俑是替代殉人的。从殉人身份与殉俑类型所代表之人的身份,可以看出人殉的性质是受人死后灵魂不灭观念的影响,让殉人在阴间继续为所殉之人提供服务,是文明程度低下所产生的一种野蛮陋习。俑殉的性质就是作为一种丧葬习俗替代人殉。殉情、殉道是由人殉习俗影响而形成的一种自我献身精神。纸人是由俑殉习俗再进一步演变的结果,从殉人—殉俑—纸人的过程,可以看出人的地位在不断提高。
[Abstract]:Zhonige: the initiator, its no future? Mencius Cloud: it is used for elephant people! Mencius said in a word that the figurines were made by elephant people and were used as a substitute for martyrs. "the princes of the emperor killed and died, hundreds died, tens of widowed, the generals killed and died, the generals killed and died, and the number of widowed people died." this style of martyrdom was quite popular in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period. However, the overall trend is that the custom of martyrdom is gradually replacing the custom of human sacrifice, which is the embodiment of the great awakening of ideology and the great change of culture during the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, which makes the status of people improve. The academic circles pay little attention to the evolution process of the custom of dying for sacrifice from human beings to the terracotta figures. Only a few scholars have simply mentioned that there are very few people who make a comparative study of the customs of martyrdom and martyrdom. The research in this paper attempts to open up a new field of vision and to carry out a deep comparative study of the two customs: martyrdom and martyrdom. Let us see more clearly the relationship between the two. Through the comparative study of three aspects, this paper holds that martyrdom is a substitute for martyrdom, and martyrdom is a kind of funeral custom instead of human sacrifice. First, from the point of view of the evolution process, the custom of human sacrifice sprout in prehistoric period. During the period of Yin and Shang dynasties, the Yin people "led the people to act as gods, first ghosts and then rituals." the influence of the thought reached the extremely prosperous state. No one died for the custom in the Zhou Dynasty. In addition to the great cultural changes of the early Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou people put forward the idea of "respecting morality and protecting the people." By the Spring and Autumn and warring States period, the custom of dying for death had begun to revive again, and reached another peak comparable to that of the Shang and Yin dynasties, but at the same time, the custom of martyrdom was on the rise. In the Qin and Han dynasties, the custom of martyrdom was completely replaced by the custom of martyrdom of the terracotta figures, which declined or even disappeared. However, the custom of martyrdom of the terracotta figures was just like the midday of the day. In the Qin and Han dynasties, the custom of martyrdom of the terracotta figures also declined gradually, until it disappeared. 2. The status of martyrs is almost the same as that of the types of martyrs: the martyrs include wives, concubines, servants, kabuki, young children, and so on, not slaves of the traditional concept; the types of martyrs are the terracotta warriors, subjects, and servants of the terracotta warriors. The location of martyrs and martyrs is very similar: there are martyrs outside the tombs, beside or near the coffin, on the second floor, on the second floor, on the side of the tomb, on the inside of the outer coffin. There are nine kinds of terracotta figures in the side room or ear room, waist pit and the bottom pit of the tomb, the fill in the tomb path and the tomb path, and the entrance of the tomb path; the location of the martyr figurines is the pit outside the tomb, the coffin outer coffin, the second stage, the niche on the side of the tomb, and the inner box of the outer coffin. Through comparative study of the location of martyrs and martyrs, we also find that the tombs of martyrs or martyrs in the same location are very similar in identity, which also shows that martyrs are a substitute for martyrs. From the identity of martyrs and the identity of the people represented by the figures of martyrdom, we can see that the nature of human sacrifice is influenced by the idea of immortality after the death of a human being, and let the martyrs continue to serve the martyrs in the underworld. It is a kind of barbaric bad habit caused by the low level of civilization. The nature of the martyrdom of the Terracotta Warriors is to replace the martyrdom as a funeral custom. Martyrdom is a kind of self-dedication formed by the custom of martyrdom, and the paper man is the result of further evolution of the custom of martyrdom. From the process of martyr-martyrdom, one can see that the status of human beings is constantly improving.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K892.22;K22;K232

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