清代满语文及其历史影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 23:37

本文选题：清代　切入点：满语文　出处：《东北师范大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：满族及其先世，不仅建立过政权，而且在文化上也做出过突出的贡献，其中一个显著的成就是创制了本民族的文字，女真族创制了“女真大字”和“女真小字”，延用了300多年；明末努尔哈赤命额尔德尼、噶盖依照蒙古字母创制“老满文”，皇太极时又由达海改进为“新满文”。满文在清代延用了近300年。女真语文和满语文具有一定的连续性和继承性，极具比较研究的价值。本文系统地对满族语言文字发展史及其历史影响进行整体研究，因此具有一定的创新意义和学术价值。本文在吸收和借鉴前人研究成果的基础上，以满语言文化为主要研究对象，采取历史学、文献学、历史语言学、接触语言学等多学科交叉的研究手段，以时间为线索，以问题为中心，主要围绕满语文的历史演变及相关问题；清代的“国语”政策及满语文的兴衰历程；清代满文文献的分类及价值；满语文对满族及东北其他民族、中华民族文化与中外文化交流等方面的历史影响几个主要问题展开，力争在理论层面上有所突破和创新，为这一领域的学术发展做出贡献。这也是本文最主要的创新之处。本文除绪论和结论外，正文部分由四章构成。绪论部分回顾了关于满语文研究的学术史与研究现状，以及本文的学术价值与研究方法，并对相关概念作了界定。第一章探讨满族先民的语言文字，重点是梲棬和女真。以渤海族没有创制本民族文字所产生的历史影响来分析民族语言文字与民族意识、文化自觉的关系，还论述了女真文的优缺点及其推广方面存在的不足，以及女真语对汉语的影响，并从“汉字文化圈”的角度审视女真文化的历史变迁及比较。此外还论述了明代女真人逐渐使用蒙古文字，开始由“汉字文化圈”渐趋“蒙古化”，满文的创制就是“蒙古化”的结果。第二章探讨清代满语文的兴衰历程。重点是满语与女真语的关系，从满文的创制与改制所反映的满族文化的发展历程与轨迹，清代“国语”政策及其历史演变，满语文的衰落状况及原因，以及从满汉语言文化的接触和融合分析中国古代文化融合的阶段特征及原因。清代，随着满汉民族的接触与融合，满语与蒙语的关系逐渐疏远，而与汉语的关系日益密切，最终在文字的发展道路走出了“汉化（金）——蒙古化（元明）——再汉化（清）”的历史轨迹。第三章对清代的各种满文文献进行评述。重点是满文文献主要分类方法的评述，满文档案文献及其史学价值，满文翻译文献及其所体现的满汉文化关系，，从翻译《大藏经》看清代的宗教政策和文化政策，满文辞书的特点及其文化内涵等问题。从清代满文辞书的体例演变历程既可以看出辞书编纂手段的进步，亦可以看出清代满汉两种文字彼此消长的关系。“清文鉴”系列对满文的成熟与发展起到了至关重要的作用，而且由“三体”到“四体”、再到“五体”，体现了清代民族政策的发展和完善过程，是清前期（满文产生到乾隆末年）社会发展状况的一个缩影。第四章探讨满语文的历史影响，这是本文的重点和主体部分。主要分析满语文对满族文化、东北区域文化、东北少数民族文化、中华民族文化以及中外文化交流的历史影响，还集中探讨了满语文与锡伯语文的关系以及锡伯族语文的发展及其历史影响等问题。重点解决满语文所反映的清代满族的国家意识和文化认同，东北少数民族的文化发展水平，满语对北京“官话”的历史影响，清代外国学者研究满语文的状况、特点以及“满学”的相关问题。结论部分对全文作了回顾和总结，并作了理论上的升华。通过满语文反映出语言与文字、满语文与满族文化认同、满语文与清代文化、满语文与中外文化交流的关系这几个理论问题。最后总结出全文的中心论点，即语言的兴衰历程不是孤立的，而是与民族的社会环境变迁密切相关，反过来语言又对民族、社会、文化产生了深刻的影响。
[Abstract]:The Manchu nationality and its ancestors, not only established the regime, but in culture has also made outstanding contribution, which is a remarkable achievement created by the national language, the creation of the "Jurchen Jurchen characters" and "Jurchen words", which continued for more than 300 years; the life of Nur Ha Che Gagai Erdeni, in accordance with the Mongolia letter creation "the old Manchu, Huangtaiji and by seas as the" new Manchu ". The improvement of Manchu in Qing Dynasty which continued for nearly 300 years. The Jurchen language and Manchu language continuity and succession, comparative study on the very value.
In this paper, the development history of the Manchu language and historical influence of the overall study, so it has certain innovation significance and academic value. On the basis of absorbing and drawing on previous research results, with language and culture as the main research object, take the history, literature, history, linguistics, linguistics and other multidisciplinary research means of contact cross, take the time as a clue, problem centered, mainly focuses on the historical evolution of Manchu language and related issues; the course of rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty "Mandarin" policy and Manchu language; classification and value of the Qing Dynasty Manchu literature; Manchu language of Manchu and other ethnic groups in Northeast China, the aspects of culture and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries the historical influence of several major issues, and strive to achieve a breakthrough in the theoretical level and innovation, make contributions to the field of academic development. This is the most important Innovation.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the text is composed of four chapters.
The introduction reviews the academic history and research status of the full language research, as well as the academic value and research methods of this article, and defines the related concepts.
The first chapter discusses the language of the Manchu ancestors, the focus is Zhuo to historical influence and Jurchen drinking vessel made of crooked wood. Not the Bohai nationality minority languages generated by the analysis of the national language and national consciousness, the relationship between the cultural consciousness, also discusses the shortcomings and advantages and disadvantages of the promotion of Jurchen, and the influence of Jurchen language Chinese, and examine the history and comparison of Jurchen culture from the perspective of "Chinese characters cultural circle". The Ming Dynasty Jurchen language of Mongolia gradually, starting from the "Chinese characters cultural circle" is "Mongolia", "Mongolia is the creation of the Manchu".
The second chapter discusses the history of the Qing Dynasty Manchu language. The focus is the relationship between Manchu and Jurchen language, and track development as reflected in the creation and reform of the Manchu Manchu culture in the Qing Dynasty, "Mandarin" policy and its history, status and causes of decline of Manchu language, as well as from the Manchu language and culture contact and fusion analysis the characteristics and reasons of Chinese ancient cultural integration. With the Han nationality in the Qing Dynasty, the contact and integration, the relationship of Manchu and Mongolian gradually alienated, and Chinese has closer relationship, finally out of the path of development in Chinese characters (gold) - Mongolia (Yuan Ming) - Chinese (Qing) "history.
The third chapter of Manchu literature of Qing Dynasty were reviewed. The focus is on the main classification method of Manchu literature, archives and historical value of literature, literature and the translation of Manchu Han culture in Qing Dynasty, the religious policy and cultural policy from the translation of Manchu dictionary > < Tripitaka, characteristics and cultural connotations. From the Qing Dynasty Manchu dictionary style evolution can see lexicographical means progress, also can see the relationship between Manchu and Han two languages of succeeding each other. "Qing Wen Jian" series of mature and development of Manchu has played a crucial role, and the "body" to the "four", then to "Five" that reflects the development of national policy in the Qing Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty (perfect process, is to produce the Manchu Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty) is a microcosm of the development of society.
The fourth chapter discusses the historical influence of Manchu language, it is the main body part of this thesis. The main analysis of the full language of the Manchu culture, regional culture in Northeast China, the Northeast ethnic culture, Chinese culture and cultural exchanges between China and the historical influence, also focuses on the relationship between Chinese and Manchu language and Xibe Xibe language development and its historical influence. Focus on Manchu language reflects the Manchu national consciousness and cultural identity of ethnic minority in Northeast China's cultural development level, the historical influence of Manchu of Beijing Mandarin, foreign scholars research status in Qing Dynasty Manchu language, characteristics and problems related to "full".
The conclusion part makes a review and summary, and made the theory of sublimation. The Manchu language reflects the language and text, full of Chinese cultural identity and Manchu, Manchu language and culture in the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu language and several theoretical issues related to cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Finally summarizes the full text of the central argument, namely language the history is not isolated, but closely related to the national social environment changes, and in turn to the national language, society, culture has had a profound impact.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H221;K249

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