法家、兵家思想的近缘性与商鞅、韩非思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 21:06

本文选题：兵家　切入点：法家　出处：《河南大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：先秦时期,诸子百家兴起,百家争鸣,这是我国历史上兴起的第一次思想狂潮。在诸子中,兵家和法家的思想具有近缘性。它们都强调“矛盾”的世界观,认为世界均因争利而产生矛盾。它们为更好的解决矛盾,都采取法、术、势三种方式,用统一的“法”(刑法或军法)来约束人,用诡道来控制人,采取有利的形势来压迫人。它们为了注重效率,都主张采取集权于个人的方式,兵家集权于将领,法家集权于君主。从秦的国情出发,法家和兵家正因它们思想的近缘性,秦统治者为了富国强兵才会选择法家,法家才会在秦发挥巨大的作用。商鞅是秦国的第一位法家人物,他不仅是一位思想家,还是一位富于实践经验的政治家。商鞅因秦孝公颁布“求贤令”入秦,欲施展抱负。商鞅先后用帝道和王道来说服秦孝公,未能受到秦孝公的赏识,最后,商鞅用强国之术,才使秦孝公大悦。所以,商鞅入秦之目的乃为强秦,他的法家思想是以国家为本位。商鞅的强国之术的根本乃为寻求使民之道,就是寻求利用民众力量的方法。商鞅为完成利用民众的任务,须先弱民,后治民。商鞅变法就是一次弱民的过程,其将卿族和民众的力量分散化、弱化,使国君有绝对的统治力。商鞅完成弱民的任务后,开始治民,治民的方法是利用民众好爵禄而恶刑罚的特点,采用重刑轻赏的方式,以法治国。弱民和治民并不是相互分离的,它们是相互融合,互相补充,只是它们的主要任务是不同的。商鞅还突出强调君主集权,商鞅的法家思想只有在君主一刑、一赏、一教的基础上,才能发挥作用,否则,仅是一纸空文。秦孝公死后,商鞅虽被车裂,但其法家思想一直被秦国作为政治上的指导理论,直到秦统一。韩非法家思想是秦朝统一后政治上的主导思想。它与商鞅的法家思想的目的不同,韩非法家思想是以尊君为目的,大臣、民众的行为都要为尊君而服务。因此,韩非法家思想是以君主为本位。韩非对于商鞅的法家思想,既有继承,也有发展。韩非肯定了商鞅以法治国的方式,但又认为商鞅言法未尽善;他还批评了商鞅徒法而无术,致使秦国未能成就帝王之业。韩非为改善商鞅法家思想的不足,就取申子之术,变商鞅之法。韩非虽主张以法治国,但更强调以术治国,在《韩非子》一书中,有六成的内容都在讲术。韩非在讲法术的同时,也突出“势”的基础性作用。韩非实施法家思想的方式和商鞅法家思想一样,因人情而实施赏罚,重刑轻赏。韩非虽主张重刑,但又不是无限制的,而是要保持在一定的限度内,否则,刑过而民不畏。韩非的法家思想虽以君主为本位,但也在某种程度上强调保护民众的利益,并不主张重徭役。同时,韩非也认为法家思想的实施必须依靠君主集权。商鞅法家和韩非法家的思想虽一脉相承,它们却产生不同的结果。商鞅注重以法治国,这使秦国富兵强,为秦的最终统一作出了巨大贡献;韩非的法家思想则采取法、术、势三种方式为君主的个人集权服务,极力尊君,导致君主权力恶性膨胀,为秦的灭亡埋下了隐患。
[Abstract]:The pre Qin period, the rise of all classes of authors, this is the first time the idea of contention of a hundred schools of thought, rise of the tide in the history of our country. In all, the military and the legalist thought has close relationship. They both emphasize "contradictory" view of the world, that the world was due to compete and conflict. They better solve the contradiction, take method of operation, potential in three ways, with a unified "law" (criminal law or law) to restrain people with trickery to control and take the favorable situation to oppress people. In pursuit of efficiency, both advocate centralization in a personal way, centralized military generals, Legalists centralized monarchy. Starting from the Qin Dynasty the situation of Legalism and military because they thought of relatives, the ruler of Qin to fuguoqiangbing will choose the legalist school, Legalism will play a great role in the Qin Dynasty.
Shang Yang is the first legalist Qin, he is not only a thinker or a rich experience of politicians. Shang Yang issued the "seeking order" by Xiao Qin, to fulfill their aspirations. Shang Yang has used the emperor and king to convince the audience, the audience is not appreciated, finally, with power of Shang Yang the audience, big Wyatt. So, Shang Yang's purpose is to Qin Qin, his legalist thought is based on the national standard. The fundamental power of Shang Yang is seeking to make the people road, is seeking to use the popular forces. Shang Yang completed the task must first use the people, weak people. After the process of socialmanagement. Shang Yang reform is a weak nation, the state family and public power decentralization, weakening, so that the monarch has the absolute dominance. Shang Yang completed the task after the start of weak people, people, people of the method is the use of public good and evil Juelu The characteristics of the heavy light reward way, rule of law and rule the people and weak people. They are not separated from each other, each other, complement each other, but their main task is different. Shang Yang also emphasized the monarchy, Shang Yang's legalist thought only in a sovereign punishment, a reward, a foundation teach, can play a role, otherwise, is only a mere scrap of paper.
Xiao died, although Shang Yang was Julie, but the legalist thought had been regarded as the political guidance, until the Qin unification. Han Fei legalism is the dominant ideological and political of the Qin Dynasty unified. With Shang Yang legalism for different purposes, Han Fei legalism is to respect the king, minister, people behavior serve to monarch. Therefore, Han Fei legalism was the monarch based Han Fei for Shang Yang's legalist thought has inherited, but also development. Han Fei affirmed the Shang Yang law way, but also that Shang Yang said was not good; he also criticized the Shang Yang law without operation. The Emperor Qin achievement. Han Fei failed to improve the limitation of Shang Yang's thought of Legalists, take "authority of law, Shang Yang. Although Han Fei advocated the rule of law, but more emphasis on the rule of operation, in the book < > Han, 60% of the content in terms of operation Han Fei speaking. Meanwhile, also highlights the fundamental role of potential ". Han Fei and Shang Yang legalism legalist thought, human feeling and the implementation of reward and punishment, heavylight reward. Although the idea of Han Fei's penalty, but not without limit, but to keep within certain limits, otherwise, punishment the people fear not. Han Fei's thought of Legalists is the monarch as the standard, but also emphasize the importance of protecting the interests of the people to a certain extent, does not advocate heavy corvee. At the same time, Han Fei also believes that the implementation of the legalist thought must rely on the monarchy.
Shang Yang and Han Fei although the Legalism legalist strain, they produce different results. Shang Yang pays attention to the rule of law, the Qin Fu Bing, made a great contribution to the unification of Qin; Han Fei legalism is taken, with potential three ways for a monarch centralization service, to monarch the power of the monarch, resulting in vicious expansion for Qin's downfall.

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K231

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