晚明舆论传播与东林运动

发布时间：2018-03-27 10:15

本文选题：晚明　切入点：舆论　出处：《华中师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：在中国古代社会的不同阶段,舆论在历史进程中都扮演着相当重要的角色。舆论本身是流动的信息,在明代中期以前,社会相对封闭、缺乏流动,舆论传播相对缓慢,在政治与社会中产生的影响有限。及至晚明,随着商业的发展、社会流动的加快,明初以来的社会控制不断减弱,大量身份自由的无产者流入城市加入商业洪流中,使市民阶层的队伍不断壮大,也使舆论传播的主体和受众得到充实,舆论的活跃成为晚明社会的主要特征之一。商业城镇和城市人口的飞速增长,扩大了舆论传播的空间市场,政治、经济、文化的各种要素在传播的渠道中相互作用,带来了历史的变局。晚明舆论传播的深厚社会土壤与鲜明时代特性是东林运动产生的重要社会条件,东林运动很大程度上就是舆论运动。东林强调“公论即国是”,要以天下之公论来克制和约束君主的一己之私。公论一方面是指官僚政治层面的朝廷公论,另一方面则扩展到社会层面,以社会舆论所体现的政治道德共识为主要内容,以东林党为代表的清流士大夫应该是掌握公论的“愚夫愚妇”的代言人。藉由这一层转折,衡量天下是非的公论便掌握在了东林党的手中。具体策略上,东林党人从争取发言权出发,选取关系士民利益的重大事件开展政治舆论活动,进而树立在朝中的代言人；同时不断强化学术领袖地位,从地方的角度以清议的力量开展社会舆论活动,成为当时的意见领袖,从而形成了在野政治力量的代表。从更深层次来看,东林运动鲜明的舆论特点,体现出中国传统知识分子维护道德的批判精神。东林运动可以分解为三个层面,即学术层面的东林学派、政治层面的东林党和社会层面的东林人士,且都是以舆论为主要行动方式。在传统社会中,这三个层面事实上统一于士大夫一身多任的社会角色,都是传统士大夫批判精神的体现。清代吸取晚明的教训,大力压制舆论。清代士大夫虽然敢于批评政治,但是至多停留在技术层面,多为劝谕、恳请；民间的清议难以形成气候,无法形成制衡的力量。在传统社会中,舆论传播与社会运动互动发展的高峰在于晚明。而辛亥的共和呼声,“五四”的民主诉求,无疑是这种以舆论进行批判的传承。东林运动所昭示的舆论的巨大力量,给予近现代社会运动启迪和激励。
[Abstract]:In different stages of ancient Chinese society, public opinion played a very important role in the historical process. Public opinion itself was a flowing information. Before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the society was relatively closed, lacking of flow, and public opinion spread relatively slowly. In the late Ming Dynasty, with the development of commerce and the acceleration of social mobility, the social control has been weakening continuously since the beginning of Ming Dynasty, and a large number of proletarians with free status flow into the city to join the commercial flood. So that the ranks of the citizen class continue to grow, but also to enrich the main body and audience of public opinion dissemination, the active public opinion became one of the main characteristics of the late Ming society. The rapid growth of commercial towns and urban population, expanded the space market for the dissemination of public opinion. Various elements of politics, economy and culture interact with each other in the channel of communication and bring about historical changes. The profound social soil and distinctive characteristics of the public opinion spread in the late Ming Dynasty were the important social conditions of the Donglin Movement. To a large extent, the Donglin movement was a public opinion movement. Donglin stressed that "the public theory is the state" and that the public doctrine of the world should be used to restrain and restrain the monarch's private interests. On the one hand, the public theory refers to the imperial court theory at the bureaucratic level. On the other hand, it was extended to the social level, with the political and moral consensus embodied by public opinion as the main content, and the Qing Dynasty Scholars and officials represented by the Donglin Party as the spokesman for the "fool's fool" who mastered the public theory. The public theory of weighing the right and wrong of the world was held in the hands of the Donglin Party. On the concrete strategy, the Donglin Party people chose the important events related to the interests of the people and scholars to carry out political and public opinion activities, and then set up the spokesman in the dynasty. At the same time, he constantly strengthened the position of academic leaders, carried out social public opinion activities from the local point of view and became the opinion leaders of the time, thus forming the representatives of the opposition political forces. At a deeper level, the distinctive public opinion features of the Donglin movement reflect the critical spirit of the Chinese traditional intellectuals in upholding morality. The Donglin Movement can be divided into three levels, namely the Donglin School of thought at the academic level. The Donglin Party at the political level and the Donglin personages at the social level are all based on public opinion as the main mode of action. In the traditional society, these three levels are in fact unified in the social roles of literati and officials. The Qing Dynasty learned the lessons of the late Ming Dynasty and suppressed the public opinion. Although they dared to criticize the politics, they stayed at the technical level at most, more for advice, imploring; In the traditional society, the peak of the interactive development of public opinion and social movement lies in the late Ming Dynasty. And the Republican voice of Xin Hai, the democratic appeal of the May fourth Movement, The great power of public opinion revealed by the Donglin Movement has inspired and inspired the modern social movement.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248

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