“土木之变”若干问题探析

发布时间：2018-03-28 19:40

本文选题：明代　切入点：瓦剌　出处：《中央民族大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：正统十四年(1449)七月,瓦刺南下,于土木堡俘虏明英宗,明军大败。这是继“靖康之难”后再次出现的中原皇帝被异族政权俘虏的大事。围绕明朝迎复英宗与瓦刺送还,出现了一系列军事冲突、使臣交涉,景泰元年(1450)八月,英宗南归,结束“北狩”生活。这既是明朝中央权力转移、朝臣经世思想变更的过程,也是瓦刺内部矛盾显现、经济依赖明朝供给的反映。英宗南归后,景泰、天顺年间,明朝内部政治斗争愈演愈烈,对蒙政策上,也以“土木之变”为鉴,日趋保守。本文拟在前人研究的基础上,以《明实录》为基本史料,结合当朝和后世出现的私人著述、官方史料,较为全面系统地分析涉及“土木之变”的若干问题,澄清相关史实,力求恢复这段历史的本来面目。全文除绪论外,共分为四章。第一章探讨了也先发动这场战争的原因,通过分析事变爆发的背景形势以及相关史料的成书背景和渊源,对“朝贡矛盾”和“结姻不成”做进一步分析；第二章对“土木之变”的过程做了梳理,通过对明朝重要边城失守、明军仓促出战、明军行军路线等的阐述,分析了明军失利的原因；第三章主要分析了围绕迎复英宗出现的使臣派遣、军事冲突。景帝即位之初,派遣使臣只言报聘,不及迎复,瓦剌以为英宗“奇货可居”,假意送还。北京保卫战后,景帝固位之心日坚,对迎复英宗一事推倭再三,而守正大臣重提嫡长子继承制的封建正统,主张迎复,由此引发激烈争论。瓦刺方面,认识到英宗的利用价值降低,一再遣使求和；第四章论述了英宗南归至成功复辟的过程,探讨明朝激烈的政治斗争。围绕迎驾礼仪、皇储问题以及英宗复辟,明朝皇权斗争愈发激烈,朝臣为了保护自身利益,左右摇摆、嫁祸诬陷,斗争也更加残酷。同时,鉴于“土木之变”的出现,景泰、天顺年间调整了对蒙古政策。
[Abstract]:Orthodox 14 years 1449) in July, Wazai went south and captured Ming Yingzong in a civil castle, and the Ming army suffered a great defeat. This was a major event in which the emperor of the Central Plains appeared again after "the difficulties of Jing Kang", and was captured by foreign regimes. There was a series of military conflicts, the envoys' negotiations, Jingtai's first year of 1450) in August, when Yingzong returned to the south to end the life of "Beishou". This was not only the process of the transfer of central power in the Ming Dynasty, the process of changing the ideology of the courtiers in the world, but also the internal contradictions of the tile thorns. After Yingzong returned to the south, Jingtai, Tianshun years, the Ming Dynasty internal political struggle intensified, the Mongolian policy, also take "civil engineering change" as a warning, increasingly conservative. On the basis of previous studies, this paper, taking Ming Shi Lu as the basic historical data and combining the official historical data with the private writings of Dang Dynasty and later generations, systematically and comprehensively analyzes some problems related to the "civil engineering change" and clarifies the relevant historical facts. Strive to restore this period of history as it is. The thesis is divided into four chapters except the introduction. The first chapter discusses the reasons why the war was launched first, through the analysis of the background situation of the incident and the background and origin of the relevant historical materials. The second chapter makes a further analysis of the process of "civil engineering change", through the elaboration of the Ming Dynasty important frontier cities lost, the Ming army rushed to battle, the Ming army march line, etc. The third chapter mainly analyzes the dispatch of envoys and military conflicts around the return of Emperor King. At the beginning of King King's accession to the throne, the dispatch of envoys was only reported, but not as good as that of Yingfu. After the defense war in Beijing, King King's heart became stronger and he tried to push back the restoration of Yingzong over and over again, and the minister of justice again mentioned the feudal orthodoxy inherited by his eldest son. The fourth chapter discusses the process of Yingzong returning from the south to the successful restoration, and discusses the fierce political struggle of the Ming Dynasty. The question of the Crown Prince and the restoration of the British Emperor made the struggle for imperial power in the Ming Dynasty more intense. In order to protect their own interests, courtiers swayed from side to side, framed and framed the struggle. At the same time, in view of the emergence of "civil engineering changes," Jingtai, Tianshun adjusted its policy toward Mongolia.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

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