明清时期朝鲜的“书籍辨诬”与“书籍外交”

发布时间：2018-04-02 03:20

  本文选题：明清　切入点：朝鲜　出处：《复旦大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：“小中华”意识是朝鲜王朝在内政与外交方面的核心精神与总体政策,体现了其政权性质和世界认知。“小中华”是高丽文宗时期(1046-1083年)宋朝赠予的称号,它在高丽末期受朱子学和元明易代之影响升华为朝鲜半岛的身份认同和文化体认,并在朝鲜前期一系列的内部改革、对华外交与对外征服中正式形成“小中华”意识,被发展为“慕华”式统治政策、“事大”类宗藩关系、“交邻”型天下观念三位一体的政治意识,具备“尊王”、“攘夷”一体两面的功能形态。“小中华”意识以“壬辰倭乱”为分水岭,从强调“尊王”转向强调“攘夷”,但朝鲜特殊的政治结构决定了两者根本核心皆在于解决内外困境中的正统危机。 “小中华”意识刺激了朝鲜对华书籍交流,而朝鲜对华书籍交流又强化了“小中华”意识。朝鲜在对华书籍交流中发现不少有害王权正统和宗藩关系的书籍,便与明清王朝展开长达五百余年的书籍辨诬,与明清王朝赐书共同构成中朝宗藩体制下特有的“书籍外交”。书籍辨诬可分为宗系辨诬、即位辨诬、交倭辨诬三种类型,分别照应宗法秩序、君臣秩序、华夷秩序,三者互有交融,共同指向的乃是有助于确立自身正统的宗藩秩序,充分反映了朝鲜对王权正统的焦虑和对宗藩名分的诉求。“小中华”意识和书籍辨诬分别是朝鲜在思想观念和外交实践上对中国对外观念和对外关系进行因应、调适的产物,两者交相呼应。 朝鲜以书籍辨诬为主体的“书籍外交”是在“小中华”意识驱使下抢救本国政治话语的体现,它进一步将两国内部的政治进程或政治发展显露出来,并反过来对各自国家的内政问题产生重要影响。朝鲜在面临正统危机之时将书籍辨诬巧妙地转化为政治资本,但中国始终掌控着书籍辨诬的话语权和主导权,利用历史书写的权力适时调控着两国的宗藩关系。所以,朝鲜的书籍辨诬实质上是一种“书籍外交”,无论对朝鲜还是对中国,书籍外交都不仅仅是基于观念和名分的外交行为,更是深受现实利益驱使的外交策略,充满了深刻、强烈、迫切的现实关怀。在客观效果上,两国围绕书籍辨诬展开的一系列交涉使两国达成了“主体间性”,在某种程度上对现实的东亚世界产生了共同认知,从而更加稳固了宗藩关系。 书籍外交促进了朝鲜“小中华”意识的变迁,它不仅紧密连结明清王朝和朝鲜王朝,还关联到日本、女真的政治动态,对明清东亚政治格局产生了重要影响。它是明清中朝宗藩关系的特有产物,反映了明清中朝宗藩关系在本质属性上是政治性而非经济性,在历史关系上是延续性而非断裂性。
[Abstract]:The consciousness of "Little China" is the core spirit and general policy of the Korean Dynasty in internal and foreign affairs, which embodies the nature of its political power and world cognition. "Little China" is the title bestowed by the Song Dynasty during the period of Koryo Wenzong (1046-1083). It was sublimated into the identity and cultural understanding of the Korean Peninsula at the end of Korea by Zhu Zi and the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and formed the consciousness of "Little China" in the early Korean internal reforms, diplomacy and foreign conquest to China. It has been developed into a "Muhua" type of ruling policy, a "great" type of suzerain-vassal relationship, and a "neighboring" concept of the world as a trinity of political consciousness. It has the functional form of "respecting the king" and "huoyi". The consciousness of "small China" is divided by the "nonchen-Japanese chaos" as a watershed. From emphasizing "respecting the king" to emphasizing "huoyi", but the special political structure of North Korea decides that the fundamental core of both lies in solving the orthodox crisis in internal and external predicament. The consciousness of "Little China" stimulated the exchange of books between North Korea and China, and the exchange of books with China strengthened the consciousness of "Little China." in the exchange of books with China, North Korea found many books harmful to Wang Quan's orthodoxy and suzerain-vassal relations. Then the book debate with the Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for more than 500 years, and together with the Ming and Qing dynasty Wang Chao-chih 's books constituted the unique "book diplomacy" under the Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal system. Respectively referring to the patriarchal order, the monarch order, the Huayi order, the three intermingled with each other, together pointing to the establishment of their own orthodox order of the Suzerain-vassal system. It fully reflects North Korea's anxiety about Wang Quan's orthodoxy and its demand for a suzerain-vassal title. The "Little China" consciousness and the book argument are respectively the product of North Korea's ideological and diplomatic response to China's foreign concepts and foreign relations. The two intersect each other. North Korea's "book diplomacy", which is dominated by book defenses and falsely accused, is the embodiment of rescuing its political discourse driven by the consciousness of "Little China", which further reveals the political process or political development within the two countries. In turn, it had an important impact on the internal affairs of their respective countries. In the face of the crisis of orthodoxy, North Korea deftly converted book defenses into political capital, but China has always held the right to speak and dominate the book defenses and falsehoods. The power of historical writing is used to regulate the suzerain-vassal relations between the two countries. Therefore, Korea's book defense is in essence a kind of "book diplomacy." for both North Korea and China, book diplomacy is not just a diplomatic act based on ideas and reputation. It is also a diplomatic strategy driven by realistic interests, full of profound, intense, and urgent practical concern. In terms of objective effects, A series of negotiations between the two countries made them reach the "inter-subjectivity", which to some extent produced a common understanding of the real East Asian world, and thus strengthened the suzerain-vassal relationship. Book diplomacy promoted the change of the "Little China" consciousness in Korea. It not only closely linked the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Korean Dynasty, but also related to the political dynamics of Japan, Nu Zhen. It is a special product of the Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relationship in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which reflects that the Sino-Korean suzerain-vassal relationship in the Ming and Qing dynasties is essentially political rather than economic in nature, and it is continuity rather than rupture in the historical relationship.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;K312.3

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