生态环境变迁与明代北方畜牧业的发展

发布时间：2018-04-18 02:22

本文选题：明代 + 畜牧业　；参考：《河南师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：明代是我国古代畜牧业发展的重要时期。在拥有适宜气候与地形的明代北方地区,水草资源丰富,畜牧业发展情况较好,尤其是马、牛、羊大型牲畜的牧养十分普遍。生态环境与明代北方畜牧业相互促进,相互制约。有明一代,北方的生态环境有了较大的变化,气候大致由暖到冷,植被迅速减少,黄河水患严重,湖泊面积减小。自然条件的变迁影响着畜牧业的发展。明代自然灾害十分严重,频繁的水灾、旱灾、霜冻、地震及疫灾都给畜牧业的发展带来了极大的危害。比如,气候干冷造成牧地沙化、载畜量减少,或因疫病直接致使牲畜大批死亡。生态环境与牲畜的分布与牧养有着紧密的关系。各地的温度、气候、降水和光照都与官营畜牧业和私营畜牧业地域分布息息相关。官营畜牧业利用北方广阔的天然草原建立官方草场,牧养了大量马匹。私营畜牧业因为没有政府的干预,地域分布特征更为明显。在北方的民间,除普遍养马之外,华北地区多饲养黄牛,西北则偏重牧养更加耐旱的羊与骆驼。明代畜牧业的发展也反作用于生态环境的变迁,一方面,在畜牧业兴盛阶段,占有了大量的草场,使得草地免于耕地屯田的破坏,对水土保持以及生态平衡都有一定的帮助。另一方面,畜牧业对自然环境也有所破坏。监苑需要大量的木材来建设,加大了森林的砍伐量;华北地区存在严重的过度放牧问题,一定程度会导致土地沙化。虽然生态环境对畜牧业发展的影响较大,但不可否认,畜牧业的发展也关乎着生态环境的状况。此外,明政府出台了一些保护生态环境与畜牧业的政策。保护生态环境的措施一定程度上缓解了人们对自然生态的破坏,而系统严格的畜牧业管理律令,给明代畜牧业的快速发展提供了制度上的条件。
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty was an important period for the development of animal husbandry in ancient China.In the northern area of Ming Dynasty, where the climate and topography are suitable, the resources of water and grass are abundant, and the development of animal husbandry is better, especially the grazing of large livestock of horses, cattle and sheep is very common.Ecological environment and northern animal husbandry in Ming Dynasty promote each other and restrict each other.In the Ming Dynasty, the ecological environment in the north changed greatly, the climate changed from warm to cold, the vegetation decreased rapidly, the Yellow River was seriously affected by water, and the lake area was reduced.The change of natural conditions affects the development of animal husbandry.Natural disasters in Ming Dynasty were very serious, frequent floods, droughts, frost, earthquakes and epidemic disasters all brought great harm to the development of animal husbandry.For example, dry and cold weather results in desertification of pastures, loss of livestock capacity, or death of livestock as a direct result of disease.The ecological environment and the distribution of livestock are closely related to herding.Local temperature, climate, precipitation and light are closely related to regional distribution of official and private animal husbandry.The official animal husbandry used the vast natural grassland in the north to establish official pasture and raised a large number of horses.Private animal husbandry because of no government intervention, the geographical distribution is more obvious.In the northern folk, in addition to the general raising of horses, North China raised cattle, while the northwest focused on more drought-tolerant sheep and camels.The development of animal husbandry in Ming Dynasty also counteracted the change of ecological environment. On the one hand, in the flourishing stage of animal husbandry, a large amount of grassland was occupied, which made grassland avoid the destruction of cultivated land, which was helpful to soil and water conservation and ecological balance.On the other hand, animal husbandry has also damaged the natural environment.It needs a lot of timber to build, which increases the amount of deforestation, and there are serious overgrazing problems in North China, which will lead to land desertification to a certain extent.Although the ecological environment has a great influence on the development of animal husbandry, it is undeniable that the development of animal husbandry also relates to the condition of ecological environment.In addition, the Ming government issued some policies to protect the ecological environment and animal husbandry.To a certain extent, the measures to protect the ecological environment have alleviated the destruction of the natural ecology by people, and the systematic strict regulations of animal husbandry management have provided institutional conditions for the rapid development of animal husbandry in the Ming Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F329;K248

【参考文献】